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Vanillin

IUPAC name

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

Other names

VanilinVanillic aldehydeMethyl vanillin

Identifiers

CAS number

121-33-5

RTECS number

YW5775000

SMILES

O=CC1=CC(OC)=C(O)C=C1

Properties

Molecular formula

C8H8O3

Molar mass

152.15 g/mol

Appearance

White or lightly yellow solid(usually in needles)

Density

1.056 g/cm3, solid

Melting point

80-81 (353-354 K)

Boiling point

285 (558 K)

Solubility in water

1 g/100 ml (25)

Solubility in THF, ethanol, methanol

THF 3.549 M, ethanol 2.32 M, methanol 4.17 M

Viscosity

? cP at?

Hazards

MSDS

External MSDS

Main hazards

May cause irritation to skin,eyes, and respiratory tract

NFPA 704

1

1

0

R-phrases

R22.

S-phrases

S24/25.

Flash point

147

Related compounds

Related compounds

Eugenol, Anisaldehyde, Phenol

Except where noted otherwise, data are given formaterials in their standard state(at 25, 100kPa)Infobox references

Vanillin, methyl vanillin, or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. Its functional groups include aldehyde, ether, and phenol. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin, instead of natural vanilla extract, is sometimes used as a flavoring agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals.

Methyl vanillin is used by the food industry as well as ethylvanillin. The ethyl is more expensive but has a stronger note. It differs from vanillin by having an ethoxy group (-O-CH2CH3) instead of a methoxy group (-O-CH3).

Natural “vanilla extract” is a mixture of several hundred different compounds in addition to vanillin. Artificial vanilla flavoring is a solution of pure vanillin, usually of synthetic origin. Because of the scarcity and expense of natural vanilla extract, there has long been interest in the synthetic preparation of its predominant component. The first commercial synthesis of vanillin began with the more readily available natural compound eugenol. Today, artificial vanillin is made from either guaiacol or from lignin, a constituent of wood which is a byproduct of the paper industry.

Lignin-based artificial vanilla flavoring is alleged to have a richer flavor profile than oil-based flavoring; the difference is due to the presence of acetovanillone in the lignin-derived product, an impurity not found in vanillin synthesized from guaiacol.

Contents

1 History

2 Occurrence

3 Production

3.1 Natural production

3.2 Chemical synthesis

4 Uses

5 See also

6 References

7 Notes

//


History

Vanilla was cultivated as a flavoring by pre-Columbian Mesoamerican peoples; at the time of their conquest by Hern Cort, the Aztecs used it as a flavoring for chocolate. Europeans became aware of both chocolate and vanilla around the year 1520.

Vanillin was first isolated as a relatively pure substance in 1858 by Nicolas-Theodore Gobley, who obtained it by evaporating a vanilla extract to dryness, and recrystallizing the resulting solids from hot water. In 1874, the German scientists Ferdinand Tiemann and Wilhelm Haarmann deduced its chemical structure, at the same time finding a synthesis for vanillin from coniferin, a glycoside of isoeugenol found in pine bark. Tiemann and Haarmann founded a company, Haarmann & Reimer (now part of Symrise) and started the first industrial production of Vanillin using their process in Holzminden (Germany). In 1876, Karl Reimer synthesized vanillin from guaiacol. By the late 19th century, semisynthetic vanillin derived from the eugenol found in clove oil was commercially available.

Synthetic vanillin became significantly more available in the 1930s, when production from clove oil was supplanted by production from the lignin-containing waste produced by the Sulfite pulping process for preparing wood pulp for the paper industry. By 1981, a single pulp and paper mill in Ontario supplied 60% of the world market for synthetic vanillin. However, subsequent developments in the wood pulp industry have made its lignin wastes less attractive as a raw material for vanillin synthesis. While some vanillin is still made from lignin wastes, most synthetic vanillin is today synthesized in a two-step process from the petrochemical precursors guaiacol and glyoxylic acid.

Beginning in 2000, Rhodia began marketing biosynthetic vanillin prepared by the action of microorganisms on ferulic acid extracted from rice bran. At $700/kg, this product, sold under the trademarked name Rhovanil Natural, is not cost-competitive with petrochemical vanillin, which sells for around $15/kg. However, unlike vanillin synthesized from lignin or guaiacol, it can…(and so on)
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I want to introduct something about LED Multi-Functional Flashlight (SB-3083).

Working Principle: This product is made up of headlight and taillight. It can be installed on the bicycle as a bicycle light and warning. 1. The headlight can be used as dynamo flashlight also. It is made up of chargeable battery, generator, charging and lighting system. Cranking the handle by hand, changing speed by professional designed driving gear which can drive the three-phase brushless generator to generate alternating current. Then changing the alternating current into DC through commutating and voltagestabilizing which to charge its inside NI-MH battery, so as to achieve energy converting and accumulating. It can also charge mobilephone through connecting wire. The switch makes its lighting and flashing functions come true. 2. Headlight and taillight can be used together, insert the headlight to the holder, slide the switch to realize the function of headlight and taillight lighting and flashing. All these make you safe and convenient to ride a bicycle at night <br/




Nave of Lisbon Cathedral with a barrel vaulted soffit. Note the absence of clerestory windows, all of the light being provided by the Rose window at one end of the vault.



The Cloisters, New York City

A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design. The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault: effectively a series of arches placed side by side, i.e., one after another.

As with all arch-based constructions, there is an outward thrust generated against the walls underneath a barrel vault. There are several mechanisms for absorbing this thrust. One is, of course, to make the walls exceedingly thick and strong - this is a primitive and sometimes unacceptable method. A more elegant method is to build two or more vaults parallel to each other; the forces of their outward thrusts will thus negate each other. This method was most often used in construction of churches, where several vaulted naves ran parallel down the length of the building. However, the outer walls of the outermost vault would still have to be quite strong or reinforced by buttressing. The third and most elegant mechanism to resist the lateral thrust was to create an intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles, thus forming a groin vault.

Barrel vaults are known from Ancient Egypt, and were used extensively in Roman architecture. They were also used to replace the Cloaca Maxima with a system of underground sewers. Early barrel vault designs occur in northern Europe, Turkey, Morocco and other regions. In medieval Europe the barrel vault was an important element of stone construction in monasteries, castles, tower houses and other structures. This form of design is observed in cellars, crypts, long hallways, cloisters and even great halls.

Contents

1 Theory and early history

2 Engineering issues

3 Early occurrences

4 Modern examples

5 In unconventional usage

6 See also

7 References

8 External links

//


Theory and early history

Barrel vaulting was known and employed by early civilizations, including Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, but apparently it was not a very popular or very common method of construction. The technique probably evolved out of necessity to roof buildings with masonry elements such as bricks or stone blocks in areas where timber and wood were scarce. The earliest known example of a vault is a Tunnel vault found under the Sumerian ziggurat at Nippur in Babylonia, ascribed to about 4000 BC, which was built of burnt bricks amalgamated with clay mortar. The earliest tunnel vaults in Egypt are found at Requagnah and Denderah, circa 3500 BC; these were built in sun-dried brick in three rings over passages descending to tombs: in these cases, as the span of the vault was only two meters. In these early instances, the barrel vault was chiefly used for underground structures such as drains and sewers, though several buildings of the great Late Egyptian mortuary palace-temple of Ramesseum were also vaulted in this way. Recent archaeological evidence discovered at the Morgantina site (in the province of Enna) shows that the aboveground barrel vault was known and used in Hellenistic Sicily in third century BC, indicating that the technique was also known to Ancient Greeks.

Ancient Romans most probably inherited their knowledge of barrel vaulting from Etruscans. Romans were the first to use this building method extensively on large-scale projects, and were probably the first to use scaffolding to aid them in construction of vaults spanning over widths greater than anything seen before. However, Roman builders gradually began to prefer the use of groin vault; though more complex to erect, this type of vault did not require heavy, thick walls for support (see bellow), and thus allowed for more spacious buildings with greater openings and much more light inside, such as thermae.

After the fall of the Roman empire, few buildings large enough to require much in the way of vaulting were built for several centuries. In the early Romanesque period, a return to stone barrel vaults was seen for the first great cathedrals; their interiors were fairly dark, due to thick, heavy walls needed for support of vault. One of the largest and most famous churches enclosed from above by a vast barrel vault was the church of Cluny Abbey, built between eleventh and twelfth century.

In thirteenth and fourteenth century, with the advance of the new Gothic style, barrel vaulting became almost extinct in constructions of great Gothic cathedrals; groin vaults reinforced by stone ribs were mostly used in the beginning, and later on various types of…(and so on)
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Western Digital WD740

The Western Digital Raptor (often marketed as WD Raptor) is an upmarket, enterprise-class hard disk drive series produced by Western Digital that created its own niche in the enthusiast, workstation and small-server market. Traditionally, servers relied on hard drives featuring a SCSI interface because of their advantages in both performance and reliability over consumer-level ATA drives.

Although pitched as an “enterprise-class drive” it won favour with the PC gaming and enthusiast community because the drive was capable of speeds usually only found on more expensive SCSI drives. Adopting the SATA interface meant that it could be used easily on all modern motherboards with no separate (and often expensive) controller card. Also, integration was made easier still by the inclusion of a standard 4-pin Molex power connector in addition to the standard SATA power port.

Despite having been in production since early 2003, there is no direct competition in the same market.

More recently, Western Digital acknowledged the primary consumer of its Raptor brand drives by releasing a revision of its flagship 150 GB drive. In keeping with the PC case modding trend of stylizing, the drive was given a Perspex window to match the internals of computer cases. This allows the user to see the drive’s inner workings while it is in operation.

On April 21, 2008, Western Digital announced the next generation of its 10,000 RPM SATA Raptor series of hard drives. The new drives, called WD VelociRaptor, feature 300 GB capacity and 2.5-inch platters enclosed in the IcePack, a 3.5-inch mounting frame with a built-in heat sink. Western Digital claims the new drives are 35 percent faster than the previous generation Raptors.

Contents

1 Models

1.1 WD360

1.2 WD740

1.3 WD1500

1.4 WD3000

1.5 Revisions

2 References

3 External links

//


Models

WD360

In 2003, the first incarnation of the Raptor series: the WD360GD. It featured a capacity of 37 GB on a single platter, a Serial ATA interface and was the first ATA drive to operate at a spindle speed of 10,000 revolutions per minute. Like many early SATA drives, the Raptor was not a “real” SATA drive because it was really a PATA drive that used an 88i8030C interface bridge chip from Marvell. However, this fact did not significantly hamper the Raptor’s performance. WD360GD raptors do not use the 3.3 V Serial ATA power line. There is no need to use a SATA power connector as it will not be fully utilized.

As is usually the case for hard drives featuring a faster spindle speed, the Raptor outperformed other ATA drives and in some situations was able to even reach the performance of contemporary 10,000 rpm SCSI drives. SCSI drives still outperformed the Raptor in multi-user scenarios, but for high-end home computers it fared very well. For enthusiasts’ systems, the Raptor also had the key advantages of low noise and temperature levels compared to similarly performing drives.

All WD360GD drives with Part Number WD360GD-00FNA0 (December 2003) and earlier cannot accept SATA latch cables as the SATA data connector does not have the required rails. So SATA latch cables cannot fit to the connector and only normal cables can be installed…

WD360GD raptors with the marvell 88i8030-TBC PATA to SATA bridge chip such as WD360GD-00FNA0 (December 2003) and earlier, are limited to UDMA 5 transfers. In Linux, “applying bridge limits” is displayed and then it allows transfers up to UDMA\100. In windows they are reported as UDMA 6 but give a burst rate of 104 MB/s while WD360GD with the 88i8030-TBC1 chip are reported as UDMA 6 and give a burst rate of 122 MB/s, close their theoretical limit of UDMA 6. Those raptors limited at UDMA 5 were bought for SATA I 150 MB/s support but they only support the legacy PATA UDMA 5 at 100 MB/s.

Like its larger brother the WD740GD, the WD360GD was revised in 2006 and released with the designation WD360ADFD - incorporating twice as much on-board cache (16 MB vs 8 MB), at least one side of a single platter that offers twice the areal density (one 75 GB platter vs up to two 37 GB platters), and enabling NCQ.

WD740



Western Digital WD740

The second generation Raptor was introduced in early 2004, featuring two platters for 74 GB of storage space. Unlike its predecessor, the WD740GD didn’t use ball bearings to support the spinning disks, but rather used fluid dynamic bearings. These allowed the new Raptor to operate at a noise level comparable to the quieter 7,200 rpm drives.

Another advantage the WD740GD had over its predecessor was Tagged Command Queuing, a feature that had previously only been available in SCSI drives. Command queuing resulted in a notable increase in the WD740GD’s multi-user performance–a key discipline where its predecessor failed compared to SCSI drives….(and so on)
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Place of Origin: Vietnam Style: embroidery painting Frame: Frame Subjects: Still life Model No: HEP 12 Handicraft painting, unique painting, Vietnam painting


Grupo Poma

Founded

1919

Headquarters

San Salvador, El Salvador

Key people

Ricardo Poma (CEO)Fernando Poma(CEO for the Real Estate Division.)

Industry

Diversified

Products

AutomotiveReal estate developmentHotelsTelecommunications

Employees

10,000 (2001)

Website

www.grupopoma.com

Grupo Poma is a family-owned company headed by Ricardo Poma in El Salvador. Some of Grupo Poma business activities include automobile dealerships, real estate development and construction, industrial manufacturing and hotels, as well as investments in telecommunications and a variety of nonprofit organizations that carry out social projects. As of 2001, Grupo Poma had a total of 10,000 employees.

Group divisions

Grupo Poma is divided into four primary divisions:

Automotive division: Grupo DIDEA: Operating in El Salvador since 1919 and also in Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. Grupo Poma represents some of the leading companies in the automotive market, such as Toyota, BMW, Mitsubishi, Chevrolet, Ford and KIA. Grupo DIDEA is considered one of the main automotive distribution companies in Central America.

Real estate development division: Grupo Roble: Grupo Roble is a construction subsidiary that builds and manages shopping centers, residential housing, and office space. Some of this division’s accomplishments include building more than 45,000 homes and 18 shopping malls in Central America and Panama.

Hotel division: The Group has a series of luxury Intercontinental and Comfort Inn hotels in Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean and Miami, Florida, United States.

Industrial division: Grupo Solaire: The Group has companies creating architectural solutions for the construction industry: insulated roofing systems, window hardware and aluminum and glass products. Grupo Solaire manufactures windows and aluminum products at four factories in El Salvador.

Notes

^ Latin CEO, February 2001

This El Salvador-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories: Companies of El Salvador | San Salvador | El Salvador stubs | Company stubs(and so on)
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Features: 1) Rolling edge-banding belt thickness: 0.4 - 3mm 2) Rolling edge-banding belt height: 14 - 55mm 3) Thickness of work piece: 12 - 50mm 4) Min width of work piece: 90mm 5) Max length of work piece: 280mm 6) Conveying speed: d9.56m/min 7) Air pressure: 0.7MPa Feeding motor for work piece: 0.25kW 9) Conveyor motor for edge-banding: 0.025kW 10) Total power: 4.025kW 11) Outline measure: 2,900 x 1,200 x 1,300 12) Weight: 1,000kg


See list of movie cameras for a comprehensive listing of movie cameras.

The following tables make a comparison of movie cameras which are in common professional usage in recent years. This list is strictly limited to film-based cameras, in order to allow direct and equivalent comparisons of specifications.

Contents

1 35 mm

1.1 General

1.2 Lens and gate aperture

1.3 Shutter

1.4 Movement

1.5 Viewfinder

2 16 mm

2.1 General

3 References

//


35 mm

The 35 mm film gauge has long been the most common gauge in professional usage, and thus enjoys the greatest number of cameras currently available for professional usage. The modern era of 35 mm cameras dates to the 1970s, when Arri’s Arriflex 35BL and Panavision’s original Panaflex models emerged as the first self-blimped, lightweight cameras. Another distinguishing characteristic of modern cameras is the adoption of stronger lens mount seatings secured with a breech lock - namely the Arri PL and PV mount, both of which were designs descended from the BNCR mount of Mitchell cameras.

General

Camera model - specific camera body models and variants, usually officially authorized

Camera line - either the body family (similar bodies) or system family (complementary design)

Manufacturer - company of origin

Introduced - first year of known usage

Weight - usually just the body, but may include accessories as mentioned

MOS/Sync - Sync-sound cameras are able to both maintain a constant speed (usually crystal lock) and run quietly enough not to be heard by the sound recordist. MOS cameras do not meet either one or both of these requirements, and are usually used either for applications where camera noise is not a concern, or non-standard camera speeds are required. A camera is also deemed MOS if it can not hold a constant speed, regardless of its noise levels.

Noise level - measured noise made by the camera, usually without film and at a given distance of several feet. MOS cameras do not have a noise level since they are not intended to be used with recorded sound and thus are much louder.

A limited number of cameras prior to the modern period are listed due to their prevalence in special applications.

Camera model

Camera line

Manufacturer

Introduced

Weight

MOS/Sync

Noise Level

Eyemo 71K

Eyemo

Bell and Howell

1925

11 lb (4.9 kg)

MOS

N/A

Arriflex 35-2C

Arriflex 35-II

Arri

1964

13.5 lb (6.12 kg), with empty magazine

MOS

N/A

Arriflex 35BL-1

Arriflex 35BL

Arri

1972

28.5 lb (12.9 kg), with empty magazine

Sync

26 dB

Panaflex-X

Panaflex

Panavision

1974

20.5 lb (9.31 kg)

Sync

<24 dB

Arriflex 35BL-2

Arriflex 35BL

Arri

1975

28.5 lb (12.9 kg), with empty magazine

Sync

26 dB

Panaflex Gold II

Panaflex

Panavision

1976

24.4 lb (11.08 kg), with short eyepiece

Sync

<24 dB

Arriflex 35BL-3

Arriflex 35BL

Arri

1980

28.7 lb (13 kg), with empty magazine

Sync

22 dB

Arriflex 35-3C

Arriflex 35-III

Arri

1982

8.8 lb (4 kg); 13.5 lb (6.12 kg), with empty magazine

MOS

N/A

Moviecam SuperAmerica

Moviecam SuperAmerica

Moviecam

1984

29 lb (13.2 kg)

Sync

20 dB

Arriflex 35BL-4

Arriflex 35BL

Arri

1986

30.9 lb (14 kg), with empty magazine

Sync

22 dB

Panaflex Platinum

Panaflex

Panavision

1986

24 lb (10.9 kg)

Sync

<22 dB

Panaflex Panastar II

Panaflex Panastar

Panavision

1987

24.4 lb (11.08 kg)

MOS

N/A

Arriflex 35BL-4s

Arriflex 35BL

Arri

1988

31.9 lb (14.47 kg), with empty magazine

Sync

20 dB

Arriflex 535

Arriflex 535

Arri

1990

21.6 lb (9.82 kg), body only; 29.4 lb (14.19 kg), with finder; 36.4 lb (16.55 kg), with finder and empty magazine

Sync

19 dB

Moviecam Compact

Moviecam Compact

Moviecam

1990

13.6 lb (6.3 kg)

Sync

<20 dB

Arriflex 535B

Arriflex 535

Arri

1992

26 lb (11.79 kg), with empty magazine

Sync

19 dB

Arriflex 435

Arriflex 435

Arri

1995

14.3 lb (6.5 kg), without magazine

MOS

N/A

Arriflex 435ES

Arriflex 435

Arri

1995

14.3 lb (6.5 kg), without magazine

MOS

N/A

Moviecam SL

Moviecam SL

Moviecam

1995

8.25 lb (3.7 kg)

Sync

25 dB

Aaton 35-III

Aaton 35

Aaton

1997

16 lb (7 kg), with full…(and so on)
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