I want to introduct something about Wooden Manicure Sticks (YDBS03).
Place of Origin: China Liaoning Model No: YDBS03 Brand Name: YD Terms of Payment: L/C,T/T Wooden manicures sticks: YDBS03 Size: 150×3.8mm Packing: 100pcs/bag, 100bags/carton Feature: help you to weed out cuticle and dirt easily Size: 150×3.8mm Feature: help you to weed out cuticle and dirt easily
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This is a pack of instant Ovomaltine (Ovaltine) with its content in a Pyrex glass taken by my cellphone camera. You can see its dark brownish color. This product is premixed with at least 50% of milk and is ready to drink. It needs refrigeration. And it is recommended that you heat it up before drinking. — Toytoy 03:53, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
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Archive for July, 2009
Ovomaltine
Wednesday, July 29th, 2009Audio converter
Wednesday, July 29th, 2009
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In signal processing, an audio converter or digital audio converter is a type of electronic hardware technology which converts an analog audio signal to a digital audio format, either on the input (Analog-to-digital converter or ADC), or the output (Digital-to-analog converter, or DAC). They are common in numerous technologies otably in computer sound cards, digital cellular phones, and portable recording devices. Once converted to digital format, digital audio signals and file formats can be processed in any of a number of ways as allowed by software ncluding converting to audio CD or Mp3 formats.
Different types of converter units can operate at different resolutions which largely determines the resulting sound “quality.” Depending on their quality and cost, converters also differ in their handling of:
electronic (radio) interference
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
electronic noise shielding and rejection
digital noise floor handling,
oversampling, (input and/or output)
simultaneous playback and recording (full-duplex)
clock jitter
“Resolution” generally refers to both bit and sample rates (though it may occasionally refer specifically to the sampling rate; being the more variable of the two.) For example, an expensive brand consumer sound card for computer has a typical operating range of around CD quality 44,100 samples per second, (44.1 kHz), with 65,536 allowable values for volume (16 bits, giving 216 values).
Digital audio basics
A single (“mono”) channel (or “track”) of digital audio is visualized as a 2D wave, which is composed of a quasi-linear series of recorded position states of volume within a quantized boundary here the vertical represents the bit depth and the horizontal represents the sampling rate. In both analog and digital models, the playback of the wave reproduces the volume changes in sequence, producing complex sounds. (In analog tape recording, information is stored as wave-like alterations in a channel of magnetic ferrite embedded on plastic film.)
“Bit depth” refers to the number of allowed values for sampled volume that can be represented, and the “sampling rate” (or frequency) refers to the number of recorded positions (or “snapshots”) of individual measurements of volume per second, measured in hertz (Hz).
A stereo “track” is simply two isolated mono tracks within the same file, which are played back simultaneously. The illusion of spatial sound can be created through differentiated left and right channels. (High-quality motion picture sound formats, like 5.1 and THX simply use more mono channels to create more complex illusions of spatial depth.)
Sound quality
Increasing the I/O capacity for either or both bit resolution and sampling rate will increase the quality of the sound. Multiple tracks can enhance the experience of spatial sound and sound “quality.”
“Professional” sound quality refers to highest current sound qualities for available hardware. In the past, very high resolution hardware was also highly specialized and expensive. Today, many commonly available technologies are sufficient for generate adequate or above average quality digital audio signals for use in various recording or transmission uses.
Currently it’s possible to purchase hardware using reasonably high quality digital converters for well under 1000 USD. In professional uses, extremely high fidelity converters are typically sold as components within specialized rack mount multi-channel (multitrack) recording units. These typically connect to a computer via parallel, proprietary or specialized (i.e. PCI card), fiber optic, USB, or Firewire connections. USB 2 and Firewire are the most common, though Firewire has lower latency and thus is more suited for multitrack applications.
At the barebones level, audio card converters take a nominal line-level input signal and is designed to be a transparent link between the mixing board and the computer. Once converted to digital format, the sound files can be processed in any of a number of ways as allowed by software, including converting to audio CD or MP3 formats.
Both the recording and playback of sound must consider the nature of the digital medium to produce undesirable noise. The noise produced by analog tape, by comparison can be pleasing, as it is of sufficient resolution to produce “warm” natural sounding random noise. Digital recording has traditionally had the problem of sounding “cold,” mainly due to the quantization effect of digitizing a linear wave into a segmented series of adjacent samples. In the case of long wave sounds, such as bass, the wave is smooth, and therefore its playback does not “jump” from a low volume bit to an adjacent high volume bit. However, high pitched sounds like cymbal crashes and similar “white” noise can only be represented by a virtually random array of bits. This random array exposes the…(and so on)
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Tape dispenser
Wednesday, July 29th, 2009
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A small tape dispenser
A tape dispenser is an object that holds a roll of tape and has a mechanism on one end to easily shear the tape. Dispensers vary widely based on the tape they dispense. Abundant and most common, clear tape dispensers (like those used in an office or at home) are commonly made of plastic, and may be disposable. Other dispensers are stationary and may have sophisticated features to control tape usage and improve ergonomics.
Contents
1 Hand held dispenser
2 Table Top Dispensers
2.1 Pull and Tear
2.2 Stationary Electronic Tape Dispenser
3 Automated equipment
4 Gummed (Water Activated) Tape Dispenser
5 See also
6 External links
//
Hand held dispenser
A clear case tape dispenser
Some dispensers are small enough so that the dispenser, with the tape in it, can be taken to the point of application. The dispenser allows for a convenient cut-off and helps the operator apply (and sometimes helps rub down) the tape. It allows the tape to be taken to the point of application for operator ease.
Table Top Dispensers
Pull and Tear
Table top or desk dispensers are frequently used to hold the tape and allow the operator to pull off the desired amount, tear the tape off, and take the tape to the job.
Stationary Electronic Tape Dispenser
Table top dispensers are available with electrical assists to dispense and cut pressure sensitive tape to a predetermined length. They are often used in an industrial setting to increase productivity along manufacturing or assembly lines. They eliminate the need to manually measure and cut each individual piece of tape on high volumes of product or packaging. By automating this process, automatic tape dispensers reduce material waste caused by human error. They also reduce the time needed to cut each piece of tape, therefore reducing labor costs and increasing productivity.
A blue tape dispenser
Semi-automatic tape dispensers are often classified into 3 categories:
Light-duty: For light, non-industrial use
Industrial: A sturdier dispenser meant for use over one 8 hour shift per day
Heavy-duty: The sturdiest of automatic tape dispensers, constructed to withstand 24/7 use in back to back shifts
A pull and tear clear tape dispenser, in black plastic.
Due to the varying attributes of pressure sensitive tape, there are many different features of automatic tape dispensers which vary from model to model:
Adjustable Pressure Feed
Allows the user to control the amount of pressure placed on the tape when it is fed through the advancement rollers. This feature is useful for more efficient dispensing of tapes of all different thicknesses.
Modified Advancement Rollers
Depending on the type of tape being dispensed, many automatic dispensers have modified advancement rollers in order to function better with extra narrow tapes, protective film, foam tapes, etc.
Photosensor
Many dispensers come equipped with photosensors in order to detect the presence or absence of a piece of tape and facilitate advancement. Dispensers can also be equipped with dual photosensors in order to dispense two rolls of tape at once.
Creaser
Creasers are installed on tape dispensers in order to reinforce tapes that are very thin or have the tendency to curl up (tapes made of Mylar and Kapton often have this tendency).
Safety Guard Cutting Head
With a safety guard cutting head, cutting blades cannot function if a foreign object is obstructing the cutting area (fingers, tools, etc.).
Programmable Memory
With a programmable memory, users have the option of saving any number of preset lengths, depending on the dispenser, for automatic feeding and cutting.
Interval Switch
Allows the user to control the speed at which the tape is automatically dispensed and cut.
Counter
Maintains a running total of the amount of pieces dispensed.
Foot switch
Plugs into the dispenser and gives the user hands-free operation. Dispenses a piece of tape each time the switch is pressed.
Automated equipment
Some taping machinery is semi-automatic: the operator takes an object and puts it in or through a machine which automatically applies the tape. This helps save time and controls the consumption of tape.
Fully automatic equipment is available which does not require an operator. All functions can be automated.
High speed packaging machinery is an example of highly automated equipment.
Gummed (Water Activated) Tape Dispenser
Gummed (water activated) tape dispensers measure, dispense, moisten, and cut gummed or water activated tape. This tape is often composed of a paper backing and adhesive glue that is unable to adhere until it is ctivated by contact with water. To…(and so on)
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Rolls Razor
Monday, July 20th, 2009
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Rolls Razor model: Imperial No. 2 in closed chrome plated case with the meander decoration
Rolls Razor open case. The blade handle on the left is attached to the honing mechanism lever via a spring loaded bearing. The nickel plated blade on the right side is attached to the honing bar that slides on the red leather strop. The grey honing stone is part of the closing lid. The leather strop and the hone lids are not interchangeable as the blade needs to push against the hone but pull against the strop. The blade has a safety guard with pivot action that allows it to vary the shaving angle while providing safe operation. The head of the blade handle locks perpendicular to the blade using a slide type of action with the spring loaded bearing providing additional stability
Rolls Razor Limited was a British company known for its manufacture of a sophisticated safety-razor and an “affordable” twin-tub washing machine.
Contents
1 Origins: razor
2 Washing machines
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
//
Origins: razor
The eponymous product was a sophisticated safety-razor which came in a metal box designed to allow the blade to be stropped against the lid and thus was not disposable, but unlike the straight razor it incorporated a safety guard and its size was closer to the early Gillette double blade disposable razor. The company wilted in the face of competition from the likes of Gillette.
Washing machines
After launching his washing machine business on the back of newspaper adverts, entrepreneur John Bloom bought the moribund shell as a vehicle to grow his business.
Originally the machines were manufactured in Holland, but later an assembly line was set up at the company factory in Cricklewood, London, where prospective customers could view the process. On the back of a heavy advertising campaign, and prices 50% below those found in shops retailing products by Hoover and Hotpoint, the machines were offered on hire purchase in light of the British Government relaxing many restrictions on this type of finance. By 1962, Rolls had secured 10% of the market and was the third largest manufacturer of washing machines. Keen to further expand the business, it merged with the Colston company, founded by ex-Hoover director Sir Charles Colston, which made compact dishwashers, and concluded a deal to distribute Prestcold refrigerators.
The company listed on the London Stock Exchange in mid-1962, at $3.50, with the price doubling in weeks. By the end of 1963, the company was selling over 200,000 machines a year. Marketing itself as Rolls-Prestcold, in 1963 it became the first commercial sponsor of the Royal Windsor Horse Show.
But the retailers and UK manufacturers were unhappy, and reduced their prices considerably to create the so-called Washing Machine War, between direct sales and retailers. In response Bloom was forced to increase his advertising costs just as sales began to fall, and was then hit by the 1964 postal strike which resulted in coupon returns drying up. Receipts from Rolls’s customer hire purchase agreements were underwritten by banker Sir Isaac Wolfson, who by mid-1964 had bankrolled the company with a $28 million loan. Spotting trouble, Sir Isaac withdrew his support and sped the downfall. With Bloom suspected of malpractice, the companies shares were suspended at $0.15 in mid-July 1964, before the company announced it would be placed into voluntary liquidation. The speed of withdrawal caused the company to be mentioned during questions in the House of Commons, UK. Liquidators found thousands of unsold washing machines in warehouses, and after entering to make their report to shareholders to a chorus of Handel’s “Dead March” from Saul, reported that the company had assets of $2,100,000, with creditors totalling $11 million, including: Tallent Engineering ($2,400,000); Pressed Steel Company ($1,200,000), and Hawker Siddeley ($151,000, for a DH.125 company plane).
Bloom came in for heavy criticism regarding his direct sales business practice. The London Stock Exchange resultantly asked member companies for more frequent and more thorough financial statements, which it formalised in later legislation. Rolls Razor was subsequently a respondent company in a House of Lords judicial decision called Barclays Bank Ltd v Quistclose Investments.The case was won by Quistclose Investments This was a landmark case which created the Quistclose trust.
Manufacture continued with machines built by the engineering company Tallent (who built the company’s dishwashers), who re-branded them as such briefly, but by 1965 the machines were marketed as Colstons before the appliance division of Tallent was taken over by the Italian firm Ariston in 1979.
See also
DOVO Solingen
Thiers Issard
Razor
Straight razor
Safety razor
Sabatier
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Bulk vending
Monday, July 20th, 2009
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Bulk Vending is the sale of unsorted confections, nuts, gumballs, toys and novelties (in capsules) selected at random and dispensed generally through non-electrically operated vending machines. Bulk vending is a separate segment of the vending industry from full line vending i.e., the snack and soda vending industries and involves different products and strategies. Bulk vending represents less than 1% of the total vending industry.
Contents
1 History
2 From the consumer’s perspective
3 From the vendor’s perspective
3.1 Advantages and disadvantages of bulk vending
3.1.1 Advantages of bulk vending
3.1.2 Disadvantages of bulk vending
3.2 Business opportunities
3.3 Machinery
3.3.1 General considerations
3.3.2 Machine types
3.3.2.1 Separate head machines
3.3.2.2 Triple machines
3.3.3 Parts
3.4 Products
3.5 Locations
3.6 The vending community
4 References
//
History
Bulk vending dates back at least to the late 19th century. Vending machines were widely used in Europe before they became popular in the United States. In the early 1880s, the first commercial coin operated vender was introduced in London and stocked with postcards. In 1888, the Thomas Adams Gum Co. introduced bulk venders to America, using the machines to sell Tutti frutti gum on elevated subway platforms in New York City. In 1897, the Pulver Manufacturing Company added animated figures to its gum machines. In 1907, the round candy coated gumball, a staple product in modern vending machines, was introduced. In 1909, Emerson A. Bolen formed the Northwestern Novelty Company, selling the Yankee, a penny matchstick vending machine; Bolen’s company is now one of the most prominent bulk vending machine manufacturers. In 1913, Ford Mason leased 102 machines and placed them in stores and shops of communities in western New York State; he would eventually found the Ford Gum & Machine Company, an empire of over 500,000 vending machines. In 1948, Oak Manufacturing opened its doors; it would become one of the largest equipment manufacturers in the industry. In 1949, Roger C. Folz purchased his first vending machine; Folz Vending was the largest operator of bulk vending equipment in the United States, owning and operating over 150,000 machines nationwide at their peak.
In 1950, the United States Treasury Department attempted to impose gambling excise taxes on bulk vendors on the grounds that there was no way for consumers to know for sure which gumball or other product the machine would dispense. For a short time, manufacturers installed viewfinders in bulk vending machines to display the next item to be vended. Vendors organized to found the National Bulk Vendors Association (NBVA), which successfully lobbied against the taxes, arguing that the items vended were of approximate or equivalent value. The NBVA has since lobbied on behalf of bulk vendors on a variety of issues; for instance, it joined the Coin Coalition which pushed for elimination of the U.S. one dollar bill in favor of the United States dollar coin.
From the consumer’s perspective
Operation of bulk vending equipment is usually fairly straightforward for the consumer, involving placing the appropriate coin or coins in the machine and turning a knob or pulling a lever. If candy in a machine is low, however, and it appears unevenly distributed, the customer may wish to rock or whack the machine in order to knock some candy into the candy wheel, which is located in the bottom of the canister in the center. Depending on the design of the machine, though which usually involves a wheel making a one-third turn with every vend it may already be too late to ensure that the next vend bears fruit. A distinguishing feature of bulk vending is that the items are dispensed at random, so it is usually impossible to choose which item comes out of the machine next. A child trying to get a complete set of Britney Spears photographs, for instance, may end up with several duplicates; hence, the introduction of “trading cards” and similarly-themed products, with the idea that consumers will trade the duplicates with one another.
From the vendor’s perspective
Advantages and disadvantages of bulk vending
Bulk vending is a hands-on business requiring research and planning, as well as sales ability and investment of time, to be successful. Many of the same considerations that apply to other small businesses, such as accounting, income taxation, liability insurance, and so on, also apply to bulk vending. On the other hand, some aspects, such as fixed costs and required seed money, are quite different from most start-ups.
Advantages of bulk vending
The gross margins in the bulk candy business can be quite high gumballs, for instance, can be purchased in bulk for 2 cents apiece and sold for 25 cents. In addition,…(and so on)
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Brown Bobby
Monday, July 20th, 2009
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Brown Bobby doughnuts
A Brown Bobby is a triangular shaped doughnut. It is baked in a Brown Bobby machine, which resembles and is operated similarly to a waffle iron. These machines were created by the Food Display Machine Corporation in Chicago, Illinois around the 1920s and possibly later.
Contents
1 History
2 The Machine
3 The Doughnuts
4 External links
//
History
Brown Bobby Box
The Food Display Machine Corporation was located at 500 North Dearborn Street in Chicago Illinois. Its president was H. Adams. In the mid 1920s, through advertisements in Popular Mechanics Magazine and perhaps other means as well, these machines were marketed as a means to start a small business. The machine manual has 3 parts:
1. Seven Proven Business Plans for Operating a Successful BROWN BOBBY Business
2. How to get the Best Results from your BROWN BOBBY Machine
3. Recipes that Whet the Buying Appetite
The seven business plans described are:
1. Selling Direct to Homes
2. Getting the Restaurant and Drug Store Business
3. Getting the Grocery Business
4. Window Demonstrating and Sampling
5. Getting the Student Trade
6. Selling Through Salesmen
7. Running a BROWN BOBBY Store of your own
Some of the suggested locations for selling included candy stores, theatres, chain stores, bowling alleys, cigar stores, railway stations, dance halls, waiting rooms, garages, filling stations, general stores and soft drink parlors.
One could also obtain boxes and bags from the company for packaging the doughnuts. The machines are no longer manufactured as the Food Display Machine Corporation has long been out of business. According to the Annual Report of the Federal Trade Commission for 1937 the company was issued a Cease and Desist order for misrepresenting possible or maximum earnings for its potato chip machines.
The Machine
The Brown Bobby machine resembled and is operated similar to a waffle iron. Its surfaces were made of aluminum and were prepared for baking by coating with paraffin, though users today would most often use cooking spray. The machine had a high (600 watt/surfaces connected in parallel) and a low (300 watt/surfaces connected in series) setting. Cooking was done on the high setting, the low setting was for allowing the machine to remain idle. Machines were available as either a single (aka Brown Bobby Junior) for $52 or as 2 machines riveted together into a single unit for $100. Since these machines are no longer manufactured they are prized by their owners and often handed down to subsequent generations to continue the tradition of Brown Bobby making, especially during the holidays.
The Doughnuts
The Brown Bobby manual included 10 recipes for doughnuts, 4 icing recipes and a number of prepared doughnut mixes were also available. Recipes included Plain, Wholewheat, Bran, Spice, Nut, Tutti-Frutti, Chocolate and Oatmeal. The doughnuts were touted as reaseless because they weren deep-fried, but as the following recipe indicates, the grease was in the doughnut.
Brown Bobby Special Recipe No. One (makes 2 1/2 dozen)
2 Cups Sugar, 1 Cup Lard (cream well)
3 Eggs, 2 Cups Buttermilk (beaten together)
1 Tsp each of Salt and Soda
2 Tsp each of Baking Powder and Nutmeg
4 Cups of flour.
Beat the whole mixture thoroughly.
The hot molds are then filled with the mixture using a pastry bag and baked approximately 3 minutes. Removal is done by lifting a corner of the Brown Bobby with the edge of a knife and placing on a wire rack to cool.
External links
For the love of brown what?
Complete List of Brown Bobby Recipes
Helpful Brown Bobby Making Tips
Jean Shepherd’s story about triangular doughnuts
Categories: Breakfast foods | Doughnuts(and so on)
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Von Neumann universal constructor
Monday, July 20th, 2009
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The first implementation of von Neumann’s self-reproducing universal constructor. Three generations of machine are shown, the second has nearly finished constructing the third. The lines running to the right are the tapes of genetic instructions, which are copied along with the body of the machines. The machine shown runs in a 32-state version of von Neumann’s cellular automata environment, not his original 29-state specification.
John von Neumann’s Universal Constructor is a self-replicating machine in a cellular automata environment. It was designed in the 1940s, without the use of a computer. The fundamental details of the machine were published in von Neumann’s book Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, completed in 1966 by Arthur W. Burks after von Neumann’s death.
Von Neumann’s specification defined the machine as using 29 states, these states constituting means of signal carriage and logical operation, and acting upon signals represented as bit streams. A ‘tape’ of cells encodes the sequence of actions to be performed by the machine. Using a writing head (termed a construction arm) the machine can print out (construct) a new pattern of cells, allowing it to make a complete copy of itself, and the tape.
Contents
1 Purpose
2 Implementation
2.1 Comparison of implementations
3 Practicality
3.1 Computational cost
3.2 Evolvability
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
Purpose
Von Neumann’s design has traditionally been understood to be a demonstration of the logical requirements for machine self-replication. However it is clear that far simpler machines can achieve self-replication. Examples include trivial crystal-like growth, template replication and Langton’s loops. But von Neumann was interested in something more profound: construction universality and evolution.
This universal constructor can be seen as an abstract simulation of a physical universal assembler.
Note that the simpler self-replicating CA structures (especially, Byl’s loop and the Chou-Reggia loop) cannot exist in a wide variety of forms and thus have very limited evolvability. Other CA structures such as the Evoloop are somewhat evolvable but still don’t support open-ended evolution. Commonly, simple replicators do not fully contain the machinery of construction, there being a degree to which the replicator is information copied by its surrounding environment. Although the Von Neumann design is a logical construction, it is in principle a design that could be instantiated as a physical machine. The issue of the environmental contribution to replication is somewhat open, since there are different conceptions of raw material and its availability.
The concept of a universal constructor is non-trivial because of the existence of garden of eden patterns but a simple definition is that a universal constructor is able to construct any finite pattern of non-excited (quiescent) cells.
Von Neumann’s crucial insight is that part of the replicator has a double use; being both an active component of the construction mechanism, and being the target of a passive copying process. This part is played by the tape of instructions in Von Neumann’s combination of universal constructor plus instruction tape.
The combination of a universal constructor and a tape of instructions would i) allow self-replication, and also ii) guarantee that the open-ended complexity growth observed in biological organisms was possible. The image below illustrates this possibility.
This insight is all the more remarkable because it preceded the discovery of the genetic information store in biological systems. The DNA molecule processed by separate mechanisms that carry out its instructions and copy the DNA for insertion for the newly constructed cell. The ability to achieve open-ended evolution lies in the fact that, just as in nature, errors (mutations) in the copying of the genetic tape can lead to viable variants of the automaton, which can then evolve via natural selection.
A demonstration of the ability of von Neumann’s machine to support inheritable mutations. (1) At an earlier timestep, a mutation was manually added to the second generation machine’s tape. (2) Later generations both display the phenotype of the mutation (a drawing of a flower) and pass the mutation on to their children, since the tape is copied each time. This example illustrates how von Neumann’s design allows for complexity growth (in theory) since the tape could specify a machine that is more complex than the one making it.
Implementation
Arthur Burks and others extended the work of von Neumann, giving a much clearer and complete set of details regarding the design and operation of von Neumann’s self-replicator. The work of J. W. Thatcher is particularly noteworthy, for he greatly simplified the design. Still, their…(and so on)
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Sharon Steel Corporation
Monday, July 20th, 2009
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The Sharon Steel Corporation was once a steel plant, and is notable due to its contribution toward the growth of the iron and steel industry in the Shenango River Valley, Mercer County, Pennsylvania.
The longest surviving was the Sharon Iron Company, the owner of the old Clay Furnace. It is true that it ceased operations at the beginning of the 20th century, but it was the foundation for the future growth of the iron and steel industries. Many of the men who were affiliated with this company have gained local as well as national recognition for their contributions to the processes of steel manufacture. Among these men were Christian H. Buhl and his son Frank Buhl. In 1862, Christian H. Buhl became owner of the plant, and appointed Frank the general manager. From this and other holdings, the Buhls formed the Sharon Steel Castings Company in 1887. This was the first steel producing plant in the Valley, as well as in Mercer County. In 1902 the company became associated with the American Steel Foundries. Its plant has since been dismantled, and the site is now occupied by the Mercer Tube Works.
Contents
1 The Buhl Family
2 1902 - South Sharon becomes an independent borough - the birth of Farrell
3 Farrell attracts multiple industries
4 Sharon Steel Hoop Company
5 The Depression affects the Steel Industry
6 The Sharon Steel Corporation is born
7 Sharon Steel’s importance to World War II
8 Post Script
9 Notes
10 References
//
The Buhl Family
In 1890, when steel began to replace the use of puddled iron, a change in manufacturing methods became necessary. This change, however, served to advance the Shenango Valley as a steel center, and resulted in greater developments in the new industry.
The Buhls were responsible for bringing two other plants into the Shenango Valley, the Buhl Steel Company of Sharon in 1896, and a much larger plant located one mile (1.6 km) south of Sharon, n the bottom land, in 1899. The Buhl Steel Company and the property of the Sharon Iron Company, Ltd., locally called the orth Works, passed into the hands of the Carnegie Steel Corporation, while the Sharon Steel Company, locally referred to as the outh Works, became a part of the Union Steel Company on December 1, 1902. This plant later was known as the Farrell Works of the Carnegie Steel Corporation.
1902 - South Sharon becomes an independent borough - the birth of Farrell
Because the mills were located along the river, it was natural that the workers would want to settle in towns nearby, thus Sharon and South Sharon grew and developed into sizeable communities. Both cities can point to Frank A. Buhl for making Shenango Valley, practically single-handed, an iron and steel center.
As soon as the Sharon Steel Company became established on the banks of the river just south of Sharon, hundreds of houses were built in this area, and in a short time a town of several thousand inhabitants had sprung up. This town was named arrell in honor of James A. Farrell, the president of the United States Steel Corporation. The settlement of Farrell can be compared with the early settlements in the West during the gold rush. There was such a heavy influx of heterogeneous groups of peoples into the village that it attained a growth hat for rapidity surpasses the record of any city in the country. Farrell although born without any particular pioneer history, had a romantic development which was peculiarly its own. Since 1901 periodic unsuccessful attempts have been made to merge Farrell with Sharon, but Farrell consistently preferred to remain an individual borough, finally a city.
Farrell attracts multiple industries
With the Carnegie-Illinois working at full capacity producing bar plates, the American Steel and Tin Plate Company and the American Steel and Wire Company, quick to realize the advantages of being near the source of bar plate output, in 1900 established themselves in close proximity to the Carnegie, and converted the Carnegie products into sheet steel, tin plate, and wire, respectively. These firms were added milestones to the progress of Farrell. Since the American Sheet and Tin Plate Company, the Carnegie, and the American Steel and Wire Company were now the mainstays if industry in Farrell, we should note some of the high points of their history. The original furnaces produced the first pig iron on December 9, 1901. Six years later, on June 9, 1907, seven open hearth furnaces were added, and nine years later, on March 21, 1916, three more were added. The first rolling mills began their operations on May 10, 1901, and the first open hearth was made on April 30, 1901. The original bar and billet mill was replaced by the present mill in March, 1918.
The Carnegie mill produced 482,000 gross tons of steel annually
The Carnegie works used two blast furnaces with daily capacities of 650 and…(and so on)
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Plenum cable
Monday, July 20th, 2009
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A commercial building without a plenum airspace.
A commercial building with a plenum airspace.
A plenum created by accident can go unnoticed and become a fire hazard, due to cabling being installed under the assumption that this will always be a non-plenum airspace.
Plenum cable is cable that is laid in the plenum spaces of buildings. The plenum (pronounced as IPA: /?pl?n?m/) is the space that can facilitate air circulation for heating and air conditioning systems, by providing pathways for either heated/conditioned or return airflows. Space between the structural ceiling and the dropped ceiling or under a raised floor is typically considered plenum; however, some drop ceiling designs create a tight seal that does not allow for airflow and therefore may not be considered a plenum air-handling space. The plenum space is typically used to house the communication cables for the building’s computer and telephone network; however, it has been proposed that the growing abandonment of cable in plenum spaces may pose a serious hazard in the event of a fire as once the fire reaches the plenum space the airflow present in the space supplies fresh oxygen to the flame and makes it grow much stronger than it would have otherwise been. Recent testing by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has shown that while flame spread is limited by accumulated cable bundles, other structural concerns may still exist due to increased load on suspended components. As plenum spaces are restricted from use as areas for storage, the principle behind removal of abandoned cable is that regulated removal prevents the use of plenum spaces as a storage area for abandoned cable. Additionally, no high-voltage powered equipment is allowed in the plenum space because presence of fresh air can greatly increase danger of rapid flame spreading should the equipment catch on fire.
In the United States, plastics used in the construction of plenum cable are regulated under the National Fire Protection Association standard NFPA 90A: Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems. Plenum cable is jacketed with a fire retardant plastic jacket of either a low-smoke polyvinyl chloride (PVC) {patented 1987} or a fluorinated ethylene polymer (FEP). Polyolefin formulations, specifically based on polyethylene compounding had been developed by at least two companies in the early to mid-1990s; however, these were never commercialized and development efforts continue in these as yet untapped product potentials. Development efforts on a non-halogen plenum compound were announced in 2007 citing new flame retardant synergist packages that may provide an answer for an as yet under-developed plenum cable market outside the United States. All materials intended for use on wire and cables to be placed in plenum spaces are designed to meet rigorous fire safety test standards in accordance with NFPA 262 and outlined in NFPA 90A.
Note that diligence is required to make sure that a non-plenum airspace stays that way. A non-plenum airspace can become a plenum airspace by accident if the ductwork is disconnected and not properly repaired and resealed. Ductwork disconnection can occur due to building damage such as earthquakes, aging or adverse environment causing the metal to corrode and fall apart, or simply negligence on the part of building contractors that leave work unfinished. In all such cases, discovery and repair of such problems to eliminate unintended plenums is difficult due to the hidden nature, limited space, and difficult access of most installed drop ceilings. For highest fire safety it is best to assume all drop-ceiling airspaces are plenums, whether or not they are officially designated as one.
Cable which is to be run between floors in non-plenum areas is rated as riser cable. The fire requirements on riser cable are not as strict. Thus, plenum cable can always replace riser cable, but riser cable cannot replace plenum cable in plenum spaces. Twisted-pair, coaxial, HDMI and DVI versions of cable are made in plenum and riser versions.
In 2006, significant concern developed over the potential toxicity of FEP and related fluorochemicals including the process aid perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or C8 such that California has proposed some of these materials as potential human carcinogens. The NFPA Technical Committee on Air Conditioning, in response to public comment, has referred the issue of toxicity of cabling materials to the NFPA Committee on Toxicity for review before 2008.
In 2007, a development program specifically targeting the production of a non-halogen plenum cable compound was announced to specifically address lingering toxicity concerns presented by halogenated compounds for use in European and other global markets.
References
External links
Videos showing flammability of…(and so on)
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Riding boot
Monday, July 20th, 2009
I want to introduct something about SLIPPERS.
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Black English riding field boots
Riding boots are boots made to be used for horseback riding. The classic boot comes high enough up the leg to prevent the leathers of the saddle from pinching the leg of the rider, has a sturdy toe to protect the rider’s foot when on the ground, and has a distinct heel to prevent the foot from sliding through the stirrup. The sole is smooth or lightly textured to avoid being caught on the tread of the stirrup in the event of a fall.
The modern riding boot is relatively low-heeled, with a heel of less than one inch, though historically a higher heel was common, as it has always been critically important for riding boots to prevent the foot from slipping through the stirrup. Today, only some styles of cowboy boot retain a higher heel than other modern riding boots.
Contents
1 English Boots
2 Western Boots
3 Materials
4 References
//
English Boots
There are a number of different styles of riding boots, intended for different styles of riding, from horse shows, to pleasure riding. Tall boots, which end just below the knee of the rider, include field, dress, and hunt boots. These are standard show apparel, worn by all competitors in the hunter/jumper and dressage disciplines. A lower, paddock boot that stops just above the ankle, is worn by children, by some show competitors in the UK, Australia, and by those that show Saddle seat.
Field boots: have lacing at the ankle, which allows for some give so the rider is more comfortable riding with the highly flexed ankle that develops from the shorter stirrup length required for work over fences. Therefore, field boots are preferred in all jumping disciplines, including Hunt seat equitation, show jumping, fox hunting, and both jumping phases in eventing. They are also worn by police officers riding motorcycles or on mounted patrols, and by some police agencies as part of their “Class A” uniform or with ceremonial mounted units. The majority of field boots are black, although brown-colored boots may also be purchased.
Dress boots: do not have lacing at the ankle, and are generally stiffer. They are worn by dressage riders, eventers in the dressage phase, and at formal fox hunts. They are also worn by riders of show jumpers. Dress boots are traditionally black in color. A recent fad is dress boots for dressage that are cut to go extra high on the outside of the knee.
Paddock style black leather boots, well worn.
Hunt boots, or Top boots: like the dress boot, except it has a “cuff” at the top. The boot is usually black, with a tan cuff (traditional for male riders). It is appropriate for fox hunting.
Half chaps worn over paddock boots duplicate the protection and visual line of a tall boot
Paddock boots, also known as Jodhpur boots, are short boots that come just above the ankle, used most often for pleasure riding and everyday use. They are also required for Saddle seat style riding and are frequently worn by children when showing in hunt seat disciplines because they are less costly for rapidly-growing children than are tall boots. They are sometimes combined with half chaps, a type of gaiter also known as chapettes, for added protection or to give the visual impression of a tall boot. The lace-up style is primarily seen in hunt seat riding, whereas the elastic-sided Chelsea boot design is seen in both hunt seat and saddle seat disciplines. The elastic side boot is also commonly used in Australia as a riding boot and dress boot. They are part of the required attire in Australian Stock Horse turnout competitions and for Pony Club riding. Heavier versions, such as Blundstone boots, are made for general work and gardening but are not suitable for riding owing to their heavy, deep-grooved soles.
Field boots (and many paddock boots) have an extra layer of leather on the toe, called a toe cap. All styles have somewhat tapered, round toes. Current styles include zip-on boots, with a zipper running down the back of the calf of a tall boot or the front of a paddock boot, making them easier to put on and remove without aid of boot hooks or a boot jack.
Brown tall boots (field or dress) were somewhat more common before World War II, when the English riding habit lost popularity outside of formal and/or horse show events. The U.S. Army, whose officers had worn high brown boots until the 1930s, abandoned the practice in wartime. For a time, some show sanctioning organizations did not allow brown boots, considering them to be casual attire, although the rule has relaxed somewhat.
Western Boots
Main article: Cowboy boot
Black leather western Cowboy boots with “walking” heels.
For western riding and showing, western riders wear cowboy boots, with either the high “cowboy” or “riding” heel; the intermediate, somewhat lower “walking” heel; or the low, “roper” style heel that is…(and so on)
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