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History

The first talk of cultivating a garden in downtown Oklahoma City began in 1964 when City leaders commissioned renowned architect I.M. Pei to create a revitalization plan for downtown Oklahoma City. The effort was led by Oklahoma City oil pioneer Dean A McGee (1904-1989), Founder and CEO of Kerr-McGee Oil Corporation.

The resulting initiative, known as the ei Plan, included setting aside parkland for the development of a cultural, recreational and commercial complex in downtown Oklahoma City. Pei original idea was to create a space similar to the Tivoli Gardens of Copenhagen, Denmark.

McGee took up the project of pursuing the Gardens, and continued working on their completion up until his death in 1989.

Significant Dates:

May 5, 1970. The name Myriad Botanical Gardens was officially adopted. The name came from he Myriad, the new 13,000-seat arena and convention center across the street from the parkland.

August 11, 1970. The Oklahoma City Council established a 19-member task force to oversee the project’s planning and implementation.

1971. New York architects Conklin & Rossant were chosen to design the new project after a nationwide competition.

1975. The City of Oklahoma City purchased the site for the Myriad Botanical Gardens for $900,000.

September 16, 1975. A public trust called the Myriad Gardens Authority was created and charged with developing the 17-acre (69,000 m2) property. McGee was the trust first Chairman.

November 17, 1977. With plans in hand, City leaders and Trust members officially broke ground to begin construction of the Gardens. Construction of the Gardens infrastructure, including the base of the conservatory, water stage and other core facilities continued over the next four years as funding became available.

1981. The Myriad Gardens Foundation was formed to raise private funds for the construction of the Crystal Bridge Tropical Conservatory. They raised a total of $5.1 million (equivalent to $21.9 million in 2008).

1983-1985. The Crystal Bridge Tropical Conservatory was constructed. The framework that makes up the Conservatory unique cylindrical shape was built using 17 tri-cord trusses. The framework was then filled in with over 3,000 individual clear acrylic panels that assist in controlling the tropical atmosphere inside the building. After the building was completed, it took almost another two years to plan, select and install the plant materials.

1987. The Oklahoma City Parks and Recreation Department took over operation and maintenance of the Gardens. The Myriad Gardens Authority and Myriad Gardens Foundation both still play integral roles in establishing policy and raising private funding for the Gardens continued growth.

March 25, 1988. The Crystal Bridge Tropical Conservatory opens its doors to the public. Among those in attendance were then-Oklahoma City Mayor Ron Norick, Mike Bush, the Gardens first Executive Director, and Mr. McGee, who at the age of 84, finally saw his vision for the Gardens realized. Opening weekend saw over 12,000 visitors to the Gardens and Crystal Bridge.

May, 2010 - January, 2011. The Crystal Bridge Tropical Conservatory will undergo a $10.5 million renovation project beginning in May, 2010, during which all of the acrylic panels will be removed and replaced with new panels. In addition, the steel truss strucure of the Crystal Bridge will be sandblasted and re-painted. Funding for the project was included in Oklahoma City’s 2007 General Obligation Bond.

Educatio , picture calendars .

They Myriad Botanical Gardens provides multiple education opportunities for youth and adults throughout each calendar year. Special rates may apply for group education opportunities , uv pen .

The Rainforest Ecology Activity Program (REAP) is geared towards second and fourth graders. It concentrates on specific themes in biology, ecology while employing a hands-on, inquiry-based approach to understanding.

Roaming the Rainforest summer education program provides a basic level of understanding of ecology, with specific focus on Rainforest education and conservation. It is held each Tuesday and Wednesday in June and July. Daycare, church and homeschool groups welcome.

Junior Master Gardener is an intensive one-week summer day program for children 7 to 12 years old. Instruction focuses on biology, horticulture and conservation. Multiple hands-on activities included.

The annual Oklahoma Gardening School is one of the Gardens’ signature events. Held typically the first Saturday in March, the Oklahoma Gardening School is an all-day seminar featuring acclaimed garden experts from Oklahoma and the South / Southwest regions of the US. Topics change annually and may range from best trees and shrubs for Oklahoma gardens, to sustainable vegetable gardening, gardening for floral arrangements, and more. Check website for speaker list.

Art in the Gardens

The Myriad Botanical Gardens is home to several pieces of art.

“Gateway” by Hans Van de Bovenkamp. The 14-foot-tall abstract sculpture stands on a raised berm at the northeast corner of the Gardens.

“Childhood is Everlasting” by Robin Orbach. Local sculptor Robin Orbach donated this abstract sculpture to the citizens of Oklahoma City on April 20, 1992. It is located in the southwest quadrant of the grounds.

“Philodendron Dome” is located on the northwest side of the lake and consists of a dome-shaped framework on an 8′ x 9′ base made of iron and bronze. Iron vines support the “dome” of this bronze plant’s leaves, where visitors can enter for a view from underneath.

“Flying Fish” by Kenny McCage. Mc. McCage, a native Oklahoman and Navy submarine welder, created this kinetic sculpture which is located in the Gardens’ east lake.

“Land of the Brave and the Free” is a kinetic wind sculpture composed of bright colors and archetypal shapes. It located on the west side of the Gardens. It was donated in 2002 to the Festival of the Arts by California artist Susan Pascal Beran.

“Spirit Poles” Located adjacent to the north Fountain plaza, the two spirit poles were gifts to the City of Oklahoma City from the City of Tulsa in commemoration of Oklahoma’s centennial of statehood in 2007.

Annual events

Oklahoma Gardening School: All-day gardening seminar featuring various speakers educating the public on a variety of Oklahoma-related gardening topics. Suitable for gardeners of all abilities. Registration and fee required.

Crystal Bridge Bug Out: The community is invited to join staff at the Crystal Bridge Tropical Conservatory as they release tens of thousands of ladybugs into the Crystal Bridge. The popular family event teaches children about the environment. Part of the Integrated Pest Management Program. Admission fee required.

Orchids in October: The Myriad Gardens Foundation hosts this three-day event celebrating orchids. An orchid sale and luncheon honoring the Foundation’s Crystal Award recipient are part of the festivities. Orchids in the Crystal Bridge are at their peak during this time. The event serves as a fundraiser for the Myriad Gardens Foundation.

Creepy Conservatory: The Gardens hosts an annual family fright fest complete with creepy, crawling creatures and a Trick or Treat trail. Costumes are welcome. Regular admission rates apply.

Downtown in December: The Gardens light up beginning in late November to take part in Downtown OKC, Inc’s “Downtown in December” event. Thousands of twinkling lights await visitors throughout the 17-acre (69,000 m2) outdoor gardens, and inside the Crystal Bridge Tropical Conservatory. Look for free admission rates on Sundays from 6-9 p.m. through December. Due to the ice storm of 2007, the Gardens lost almost 80% of its holiday light inventory. The lights were replaced with energy-saving LED lights thanks to a donation from OG&E.

External links

Myriad Botanical Gardens

References

OKC

Encyclopedia

yriad Botanical Garden- the centerpiece of the city. The Journal Record. Max Nichols. October 12, 2000.

KC Events. The Journal Record. Joan Gilmore. October 6, 2008.

KOCO News 5

n the tropics of Oklahoma. Southern Living. Thomas Lee. February 1993. V.28.

“These Walls: The Crystal Bridge.” The Journal Record. Kelley Chambers. April 27, 2009.

Coordinates: 352755 973104 / 35.4652N 97.5179W / 35.4652; -97.5179

Categories: Botanical gardens in Oklahoma | Geography of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

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Other storage systems

Gas more recently was stored in large underground reservoirs such as salt caverns. Nowadays however line-packing is the preferred method.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s it was thought that gasholders could be replaced with high pressure bullets. However, regulations brought in meant that all new bullets must be built several miles out of towns and cities and the security of storing large amounts of high pressure natural gas above ground made them unpopular with local people and councils. Bullets are gradually being decommissioned. It is also possible to store natural gas in liquid form and this is widely practised throughout the world.

Modern gas containers

Advantage of gas holder , metal lawn chair .

Gasholders hold a large advantage over other methods of storage. They are the only storage method which keeps the gas at district pressure (the pressure required in local gas mains). Once the District Low Pressure Switch falls, and the booster fans come on, the gas in these holders can be at homes, being used, in a very short space of time. Gas is stored in the holder throughout the day, when little gas is being used. At about 5pm there is a great demand for gas and the holder will come down, supplying the district , caster chair .

Gas holder types

Gas holder Schematics

There are two basic types of gasholder, rigid waterless and telescoping. Rigid waterless gas holders were a very early design which showed no sign of expansion or contraction. There are modern versions of the waterless gas holder, e.g. oil-sealed, grease-sealed and “dry seal” (membrane) types .

Telescoping holders fall into two subcategories. The earlier of the telescoping variety were column guided variations and were built in Victorian times To guide the telescoping lifts they have an external fixed frame, visible at a fixed height at all times. Spiral guided gasholders were built in the UK up until 1983. These have no frame and each lift is guided by the one below, rotating as it goes up as dictated by helical runners. Both telescoping types use the manometric property of water to provide a seal.

Column guided gas holder at Cross Gates, Leeds This is the first of a former twin holder station constructed around 1900

Spiral guided gasholders at the former Meadow Lane Gas Works in Hunslet, Leeds. These were constructed around 1965

Gasometer at Bernau bei Berlin Germany

Various forms of gas storage seen in Germany

Europe

Large gas holders imposing on the skyline in Glasgow, pipework and the booster house can also be seen.

Gasometers are often a major part of the skylines of low-rise British cities, due to their large distinctive shape and central location. The pollution associated with gasworks and gas storage makes the land difficult to reclaim for other purposes, but some gasometers, notably in Vienna, have been converted into living space and a shopping mall. Many sites however were never used for the production of ‘town gas’, therefore the land contamination is relatively low.

Most British cities will have several gasholders. London, Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds, Newcastle and Glasgow (which has the largest gasometers in the UK) are noted for having many gasholders. Some of these gasometers have become listed buildings. In the past, holder stations would have an operator living on site controlling their movement. However with the process control systems now used on these sites, such an operator is obsolete. The tallest gasometer in Europe is 117 metres tall and is located in Oberhausen.

United States

Gasometers are comparatively rare in the United States. The most notable of these were erected in St. Louis by the Laclede Gas Light Company in the early 1900s. These Gasometers remained in use until the early 2000s when the last one was decommissioned and abandoned in place. The most recently used gasometer in the United States is on the southeast side of Indianapolis but it is to be demolished in 2009 along with the Citizens Energy Group coke plant.

Origin of the name

The term gasometer was originally coined by William Murdoch, the inventor of gas lighting, in the early 1800s. Despite the objections of his associates that his so-called “gazometer” was not a meter but a container, the name was retained and came into general use. The word is also used to describe a gas meter (a meter for measuring the amount of gas flowing through a particular pipe). The term ‘gasometer’ is only really used in architectual circles, in technical circles the term ‘gasholder’ or ‘gas holder’ is prefered.

Dry Seal “Wiggins” type gasholder

A Dry-seal gasholder can be designed to have a gross (geometric) volume ranging from two hundred cubic metres (200 m3) up to one hundred and sixty-five thousand cubic metres (165,000 m3), whilst having a working pressure range between fifteen millibar (15 mbar) and one hundred and fifty millibar (150 mbar). The Dry-seal gasholder is finished with an anti-corrosive treatment to counteract local climatic conditions and also any chemical attack from the stored medium. This anti-corrosive treatment is fully compatible with the sealing membrane and also the environment.

Main elements

The Dry Seal Gasholder has four major elements - the foundation; the main tank; the piston; the sealing membrane. Each of these elements can be divided into various sub-elements and associated accessories.

Foundation

A concrete and hardcore base designed to withstand the weight of the steel gasholder structure constructed upon it and to withstand dynamic climatic conditions acting upon the gasholder etc.

Main tank

The main tank is designed to accommodate the design requirements laid down by the customer and climatic conditions There are three main sub-elements to the tank:

Tank bottom

The tank bottom forms a gas tight seal against the foundation and is “coned up” to facilitate drainage to the periphery. The bottom is covered with steel plates. The outer annular plates are butt welded against backing strips, whilst the infill plates are lap welded on the top side only. Welded to the bottom infill plates is the:

Piston support structure

When the piston is depressurised it rests on a steel framework which is welded to the bottom plates.

Tank shell

The shell of the tank is designed to accommodate the imposed loads and the general data supplied by the client. The shell is of butt-welded design and is gas tight for approximately 40% of its lower vertical height (known as the gas space) at which point the seal angle is located. The remaining upper 60% (known as the air space) of the shell has in it various apertures for access and ventilation. Attached to the shell are various accessories:

Staircase tower

For external access to the roof of the gasholder and also incorporates access to the inside of the gasholder via the shell access doors. A locked safety gate is usually located at the base of the staircase to prevent any unauthorised access to the gasholder.

Shell access doors

Doors located at pertinent points allowing access into the gasholder from the external staircase tower.

Shell vents

Allow air to be displaced from the inside of the gasholder as the piston rises.

Inlet nozzle

The connection nozzle allowing the stored gas to enter the gasholder from the supply gas main.

Outlet nozzle

For the export of the stored gas, this nozzle comes complete with an anti-vacuum grid to protect the sealing membrane during depressurisation. Depending on the operational process the inlet and outlet nozzles maybe a shared connection.

Shell drains

Allow condensates within the gasholder gas space to drain away in seal pots. The seal pots are designed to maintain the pressure with the gasholder.

Shell manways

Used for maintenance access into the gas space only used whilst the gasholder is out of service.

Earthing bosses

To ensure that the gasholder is safe during electrical storms etc.

Volume relief pipes

Essential fail-safe system to protect the gasholder from over-pressurisation. Once actuated, by the piston fender, the volume relief valves allow the stored gas to escape to atmosphere at a safe height above the gasholder roof. As the volume relief valves open they actuate a limit switch.

Volume relief limit switches

Used to send signals to the control room to confirm the status of the volume relief valves.

Level weight system

A mechanical counter balance system to ensure that the pistons moments are kept in equilibrium. The level weights, which run up and down tracks located on the gasholder shell, also actuate limit switches to signal when the gasholder volume has reached pre-defined settings.

Level weight limit switches

Used to send signals to the control room to operate import and export valves etc.

Contents scale

On the gasholder shell is a painted scale displaying the volume of gas stored within the gasholder. An arrow painted on an adjacent level weight indicates the current status. Also painted on the scale is the location of the piston in relation to the shell access doors.

Seal angle

Welded to the inside of the shell this angular section is where the sealing membrane attaches to the shell.

Tank roof

The roof is designed to withstand the local climatic conditions and the possibilities of additional loads, such as snow and dust. The roof of the gasholder is of thrust rafter radial construction and has a covering of single sided lap welded steel plates. The roof has various accessories attached including:

Centre vent

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Methods

Several of the methods use a randomising agent to determine each line of the hexagram. These methods produce a number which corresponds to the numbers of changing or unchanging lines discussed above, and thus determines each line of the hexagram.

Plastromancy - turtle shell cracks

Plastromancy or the turtle shell oracle is probably the earliest record of fortune telling. The diviner would apply heat to a piece of a turtle shell (sometimes with a hot poker), and interpret the resulting cracks. The cracks were sometimes annotated with inscriptions, the oldest Chinese writings that have been discovered. This oracle predated the earliest versions of the Zhou Yi (dated from about 1100 BC) by hundreds of years.

A variant on this method was to use ox shoulder bones, a practice called scapulimancy. When thick material was to be cracked, the underside was thinned by carving with a knife , teak laminate flooring .

Yarrow stalk , glass wall tile .

Hexagrams may be generated by the manipulation of yarrow stalks. The following directions are from the ten wings of the I Ching. Other instructions can be found here, and a calculation of probabilities here.

One takes fifty yarrow stalks, of which only forty-nine are used. These forty-nine are first divided into two heaps (at random), then a stalk from the right-hand heap is inserted between the ring finger and the little finger of the left hand. The left heap is counted through by fours, and the remainder (four or less) is inserted between the ring finger and the middle finger. The same thing is done with the right heap, and the remainder inserted between the forefinger and the middle finger. This constitutes one change.

Now one is holding in one’s hand either five or nine stalks in all. The two remaining heaps are put together, and the same process is repeated twice. These second and third times, one obtains either four or eight stalks. The five stalks of the first counting and the four of each of the succeeding countings are regarded as a unit having the numerical value three; the nine stalks of the first counting and the eight of the succeeding countings have the numerical value two.

When three successive changes produce the sum 3+3+3=9, this makes the old yang, i.e., a firm line that moves. The sum 2+2+2=6 makes old yin, a yielding line that moves. Seven is the young yang, and eight the young yin; they are not taken into account as individual lines.

The correct probability has been used also in the marble, bean, dice and two or four coin methods below. This probability is significantly different from that of the three-coin method, because the required amount of accuracy occupies four binary bits of information, so three coins is one bit short. In terms of chances-out-of-16, the three-coin method yields 2,2,6,6 instead of 1,3,5,7 for old-yin, old-yang, young-yang, young-yin respectively.

Note that only the remainders after counting through fours are kept and laid upon the single stalk removed at the start. The piles of four are re-used for each change, the number of piles of four is not used in calculation; it’s the remainders that are used. The removing of all the fours is a way of calculating the remainder, those fours are then re-used for the next change so that the total number of stalks in use remains high to keep all remainders equally probable.

Coins

Three-coin method

Two heads and one tail of the original I-Ching Divination Coins.

The three coin method came into currency over a thousand years later. The quickest, easiest, and most popular method by far, it has largely supplanted the yarrow stalks, and produces outcomes with different likelihoods. A three-coin method with adjusted probabilities can be found here.

Using this method, the probabilities of each type of line are as follows:

old yang: 1 in 8 (0.125)

old yin: 1 in 8 (0.125)

young yang: 3 in 8 (0.375)

young yin: 3 in 8 (0.375)

While there is one method for tossing three coins (once for each line in the hexagram), there are several ways of checking the results.

How the coins are tossed

use three coins with distinct “head” and “tail” sides

for each of the six lines of the hexagram, beginning with the first (bottom) line and ending with the sixth (top) line:

toss all three coins

write down the resulting line

once six lines have been determined, the hexagram is formed

How the line is determined from the coin toss

The numerical method:

assign the value 3 to each “head” result, and 2 to each “tail” result

total all the coin values

the total will be six, seven, eight or nine

determine the current line of the hexagram from this number: 6 = old yin, 7 = young yang, 8 = young yin, 9 = old yang.

An alternative is to count the “tails”:

3 tails = old yin

2 tails = young yang

1 tail = young yin

0 tails = old yang

Another alternative is this simple mnemonic based on the dynamics of a group of three people. If they are all boys, for example, the masculine prevails. But, if there is one girl with two boys, the feminine prevails. So:

all tails = old yin

one tail = young yin

one head = young yang

all heads = old yang

Two-coin method

Some purists contend that there is a problem with the three-coin method because its probabilities differ from the more ancient yarrow-stalk method. In fact, over the centuries there have even been other methods used for consulting the oracle.

If you want an easier and faster way of consulting the oracle with a method that has nearly the same probabilities as the yarrow stalk method, here’s a method using two coins (with two tosses per line):

first toss of the two coins: if both are “heads,” use a value of 2; otherwise, value is 3

second toss: a “head” has a value of 2, a “tail” a value of 3. Add the two values from this toss and the value from the first toss.

the sum of the three values will be 6 (old yin), 7 (young yang), 8 (young yin), or 9 (old yang). This provides the first (bottom) line of the hexagram.

Repeat the process for each remaining line.

The probabilities for this method are: old yin 0.0625, young yang 0.3125, young yin 0.4375, and old yang 0.1875.

Four coins

If you’re comfortable with binary, four coins can be very quick and easy, and like 2 coins matches the probabilities of the yarrow-stalk method. Here’s a table showing the different combinations of four coin throws and their binary sum and corresponding line (six lines making a full changing hexagram starting at the bottom). To calculate the binary sum of a four coin throw, place the coins in a line, then add up all the heads using 8 for the left-most coin, then 4, 2 and 1 for a head in the right-most position. The full explanation relating it to the yarrow stalk method is at OrganicDesign:I Ching / Divination.

Sum

Coins

Line

0

T T T T

—x—

1

T T T H

—o—

2

T T H T

—o—

3

T T H H

—o—



Sum

Coins

Line

4

T H T T

——-

5

T H T H

——-

6

T H H T

——-

7

T H H H

——-



Sum

Coins

Line

8

H T T T

——-

9

H T T H

— —

10

H T H T

— —

11

H T H H

— —



Sum

Coins

Line

12

H H T T

— —

13

H H T H

— —

14

H H H T

— —

15

H H H H

— —

Another 4 coin method uses two different pairs of coins. Each coin in the higher pair counts as one coin, but the lower pair acts as a single coin. If the coins are valued as follows, the mathematics are identical to the use of yarrow sticks. In the following example, heads will count as 3, and tails as two. The lower pair are tails if and only if both are tails.

HH (hh)= 9 HH (ht)= 9 HH (tt)= 8 HT (hh)= 8 HT (ht)= 8 HT (tt)= 7 TT (hh)= 7 TT (ht)= 7 TT (tt)= 6

Therefore the odds of 6 = 1/16 Therefore the odds of 7 = 5/16 Therefore the odds of 8 = 7/16 Therefore the odds of 9 = 3/16

Six coins

Take five identical coins, and a sixth that is similar to the five.

Shake them in your hand for a couple of seconds.

Toss them up into the air.

The coin that lines the farthest from one is the sixth line.

The coin that lands the closest to one is the first line.

The coin that is different from the others is the moving line.

Generally, “heads” is considered to be yang, and “tails” to be yin.

This method has been criticized on the grounds that it:

Forces every hexagram to be a “Moving Hexagram”;

Ignores the statistical probabilities of both the standard three coin method, and the traditional yarrow stalk method.

Ba Qian

Step 1:

Take eight identical coins.

Mark one in a small way.

Shake them up in your hand while focusing on your wish or problem.

Place the coins counter-clockwise on a diagram of the Fu Xi Order of the triagrams.

The marked coin indicates the lower triagram of the hexagram.

Step 2:

Shake the coins again.

Place the coins counter-clockwise on a diagram of the Fu Xi Order of the triagrams.

The marked coin indicates the upper triagram of the hexagram.

Remove two unmarked coins from the set.

Step 3:

Shake the coins.

Starting at the bottom, place on the lines of the hexagram.

The line with the marked coin is the moving…