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History

The first talk of cultivating a garden in downtown Oklahoma City began in 1964 when City leaders commissioned renowned architect I.M. Pei to create a revitalization plan for downtown Oklahoma City. The effort was led by Oklahoma City oil pioneer Dean A McGee (1904-1989), Founder and CEO of Kerr-McGee Oil Corporation.

The resulting initiative, known as the ei Plan, included setting aside parkland for the development of a cultural, recreational and commercial complex in downtown Oklahoma City. Pei original idea was to create a space similar to the Tivoli Gardens of Copenhagen, Denmark.

McGee took up the project of pursuing the Gardens, and continued working on their completion up until his death in 1989.

Significant Dates:

May 5, 1970. The name Myriad Botanical Gardens was officially adopted. The name came from he Myriad, the new 13,000-seat arena and convention center across the street from the parkland.

August 11, 1970. The Oklahoma City Council established a 19-member task force to oversee the project’s planning and implementation.

1971. New York architects Conklin & Rossant were chosen to design the new project after a nationwide competition.

1975. The City of Oklahoma City purchased the site for the Myriad Botanical Gardens for $900,000.

September 16, 1975. A public trust called the Myriad Gardens Authority was created and charged with developing the 17-acre (69,000 m2) property. McGee was the trust first Chairman.

November 17, 1977. With plans in hand, City leaders and Trust members officially broke ground to begin construction of the Gardens. Construction of the Gardens infrastructure, including the base of the conservatory, water stage and other core facilities continued over the next four years as funding became available.

1981. The Myriad Gardens Foundation was formed to raise private funds for the construction of the Crystal Bridge Tropical Conservatory. They raised a total of $5.1 million (equivalent to $21.9 million in 2008).

1983-1985. The Crystal Bridge Tropical Conservatory was constructed. The framework that makes up the Conservatory unique cylindrical shape was built using 17 tri-cord trusses. The framework was then filled in with over 3,000 individual clear acrylic panels that assist in controlling the tropical atmosphere inside the building. After the building was completed, it took almost another two years to plan, select and install the plant materials.

1987. The Oklahoma City Parks and Recreation Department took over operation and maintenance of the Gardens. The Myriad Gardens Authority and Myriad Gardens Foundation both still play integral roles in establishing policy and raising private funding for the Gardens continued growth.

March 25, 1988. The Crystal Bridge Tropical Conservatory opens its doors to the public. Among those in attendance were then-Oklahoma City Mayor Ron Norick, Mike Bush, the Gardens first Executive Director, and Mr. McGee, who at the age of 84, finally saw his vision for the Gardens realized. Opening weekend saw over 12,000 visitors to the Gardens and Crystal Bridge.

May, 2010 - January, 2011. The Crystal Bridge Tropical Conservatory will undergo a $10.5 million renovation project beginning in May, 2010, during which all of the acrylic panels will be removed and replaced with new panels. In addition, the steel truss strucure of the Crystal Bridge will be sandblasted and re-painted. Funding for the project was included in Oklahoma City’s 2007 General Obligation Bond.

Educatio , picture calendars .

They Myriad Botanical Gardens provides multiple education opportunities for youth and adults throughout each calendar year. Special rates may apply for group education opportunities , uv pen .

The Rainforest Ecology Activity Program (REAP) is geared towards second and fourth graders. It concentrates on specific themes in biology, ecology while employing a hands-on, inquiry-based approach to understanding.

Roaming the Rainforest summer education program provides a basic level of understanding of ecology, with specific focus on Rainforest education and conservation. It is held each Tuesday and Wednesday in June and July. Daycare, church and homeschool groups welcome.

Junior Master Gardener is an intensive one-week summer day program for children 7 to 12 years old. Instruction focuses on biology, horticulture and conservation. Multiple hands-on activities included.

The annual Oklahoma Gardening School is one of the Gardens’ signature events. Held typically the first Saturday in March, the Oklahoma Gardening School is an all-day seminar featuring acclaimed garden experts from Oklahoma and the South / Southwest regions of the US. Topics change annually and may range from best trees and shrubs for Oklahoma gardens, to sustainable vegetable gardening, gardening for floral arrangements, and more. Check website for speaker list.

Art in the Gardens

The Myriad Botanical Gardens is home to several pieces of art.

“Gateway” by Hans Van de Bovenkamp. The 14-foot-tall abstract sculpture stands on a raised berm at the northeast corner of the Gardens.

“Childhood is Everlasting” by Robin Orbach. Local sculptor Robin Orbach donated this abstract sculpture to the citizens of Oklahoma City on April 20, 1992. It is located in the southwest quadrant of the grounds.

“Philodendron Dome” is located on the northwest side of the lake and consists of a dome-shaped framework on an 8′ x 9′ base made of iron and bronze. Iron vines support the “dome” of this bronze plant’s leaves, where visitors can enter for a view from underneath.

“Flying Fish” by Kenny McCage. Mc. McCage, a native Oklahoman and Navy submarine welder, created this kinetic sculpture which is located in the Gardens’ east lake.

“Land of the Brave and the Free” is a kinetic wind sculpture composed of bright colors and archetypal shapes. It located on the west side of the Gardens. It was donated in 2002 to the Festival of the Arts by California artist Susan Pascal Beran.

“Spirit Poles” Located adjacent to the north Fountain plaza, the two spirit poles were gifts to the City of Oklahoma City from the City of Tulsa in commemoration of Oklahoma’s centennial of statehood in 2007.

Annual events

Oklahoma Gardening School: All-day gardening seminar featuring various speakers educating the public on a variety of Oklahoma-related gardening topics. Suitable for gardeners of all abilities. Registration and fee required.

Crystal Bridge Bug Out: The community is invited to join staff at the Crystal Bridge Tropical Conservatory as they release tens of thousands of ladybugs into the Crystal Bridge. The popular family event teaches children about the environment. Part of the Integrated Pest Management Program. Admission fee required.

Orchids in October: The Myriad Gardens Foundation hosts this three-day event celebrating orchids. An orchid sale and luncheon honoring the Foundation’s Crystal Award recipient are part of the festivities. Orchids in the Crystal Bridge are at their peak during this time. The event serves as a fundraiser for the Myriad Gardens Foundation.

Creepy Conservatory: The Gardens hosts an annual family fright fest complete with creepy, crawling creatures and a Trick or Treat trail. Costumes are welcome. Regular admission rates apply.

Downtown in December: The Gardens light up beginning in late November to take part in Downtown OKC, Inc’s “Downtown in December” event. Thousands of twinkling lights await visitors throughout the 17-acre (69,000 m2) outdoor gardens, and inside the Crystal Bridge Tropical Conservatory. Look for free admission rates on Sundays from 6-9 p.m. through December. Due to the ice storm of 2007, the Gardens lost almost 80% of its holiday light inventory. The lights were replaced with energy-saving LED lights thanks to a donation from OG&E.

External links

Myriad Botanical Gardens

References

OKC

Encyclopedia

yriad Botanical Garden- the centerpiece of the city. The Journal Record. Max Nichols. October 12, 2000.

KC Events. The Journal Record. Joan Gilmore. October 6, 2008.

KOCO News 5

n the tropics of Oklahoma. Southern Living. Thomas Lee. February 1993. V.28.

“These Walls: The Crystal Bridge.” The Journal Record. Kelley Chambers. April 27, 2009.

Coordinates: 352755 973104 / 35.4652N 97.5179W / 35.4652; -97.5179

Categories: Botanical gardens in Oklahoma | Geography of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

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Other storage systems

Gas more recently was stored in large underground reservoirs such as salt caverns. Nowadays however line-packing is the preferred method.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s it was thought that gasholders could be replaced with high pressure bullets. However, regulations brought in meant that all new bullets must be built several miles out of towns and cities and the security of storing large amounts of high pressure natural gas above ground made them unpopular with local people and councils. Bullets are gradually being decommissioned. It is also possible to store natural gas in liquid form and this is widely practised throughout the world.

Modern gas containers

Advantage of gas holder , metal lawn chair .

Gasholders hold a large advantage over other methods of storage. They are the only storage method which keeps the gas at district pressure (the pressure required in local gas mains). Once the District Low Pressure Switch falls, and the booster fans come on, the gas in these holders can be at homes, being used, in a very short space of time. Gas is stored in the holder throughout the day, when little gas is being used. At about 5pm there is a great demand for gas and the holder will come down, supplying the district , caster chair .

Gas holder types

Gas holder Schematics

There are two basic types of gasholder, rigid waterless and telescoping. Rigid waterless gas holders were a very early design which showed no sign of expansion or contraction. There are modern versions of the waterless gas holder, e.g. oil-sealed, grease-sealed and “dry seal” (membrane) types .

Telescoping holders fall into two subcategories. The earlier of the telescoping variety were column guided variations and were built in Victorian times To guide the telescoping lifts they have an external fixed frame, visible at a fixed height at all times. Spiral guided gasholders were built in the UK up until 1983. These have no frame and each lift is guided by the one below, rotating as it goes up as dictated by helical runners. Both telescoping types use the manometric property of water to provide a seal.

Column guided gas holder at Cross Gates, Leeds This is the first of a former twin holder station constructed around 1900

Spiral guided gasholders at the former Meadow Lane Gas Works in Hunslet, Leeds. These were constructed around 1965

Gasometer at Bernau bei Berlin Germany

Various forms of gas storage seen in Germany

Europe

Large gas holders imposing on the skyline in Glasgow, pipework and the booster house can also be seen.

Gasometers are often a major part of the skylines of low-rise British cities, due to their large distinctive shape and central location. The pollution associated with gasworks and gas storage makes the land difficult to reclaim for other purposes, but some gasometers, notably in Vienna, have been converted into living space and a shopping mall. Many sites however were never used for the production of ‘town gas’, therefore the land contamination is relatively low.

Most British cities will have several gasholders. London, Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds, Newcastle and Glasgow (which has the largest gasometers in the UK) are noted for having many gasholders. Some of these gasometers have become listed buildings. In the past, holder stations would have an operator living on site controlling their movement. However with the process control systems now used on these sites, such an operator is obsolete. The tallest gasometer in Europe is 117 metres tall and is located in Oberhausen.

United States

Gasometers are comparatively rare in the United States. The most notable of these were erected in St. Louis by the Laclede Gas Light Company in the early 1900s. These Gasometers remained in use until the early 2000s when the last one was decommissioned and abandoned in place. The most recently used gasometer in the United States is on the southeast side of Indianapolis but it is to be demolished in 2009 along with the Citizens Energy Group coke plant.

Origin of the name

The term gasometer was originally coined by William Murdoch, the inventor of gas lighting, in the early 1800s. Despite the objections of his associates that his so-called “gazometer” was not a meter but a container, the name was retained and came into general use. The word is also used to describe a gas meter (a meter for measuring the amount of gas flowing through a particular pipe). The term ‘gasometer’ is only really used in architectual circles, in technical circles the term ‘gasholder’ or ‘gas holder’ is prefered.

Dry Seal “Wiggins” type gasholder

A Dry-seal gasholder can be designed to have a gross (geometric) volume ranging from two hundred cubic metres (200 m3) up to one hundred and sixty-five thousand cubic metres (165,000 m3), whilst having a working pressure range between fifteen millibar (15 mbar) and one hundred and fifty millibar (150 mbar). The Dry-seal gasholder is finished with an anti-corrosive treatment to counteract local climatic conditions and also any chemical attack from the stored medium. This anti-corrosive treatment is fully compatible with the sealing membrane and also the environment.

Main elements

The Dry Seal Gasholder has four major elements - the foundation; the main tank; the piston; the sealing membrane. Each of these elements can be divided into various sub-elements and associated accessories.

Foundation

A concrete and hardcore base designed to withstand the weight of the steel gasholder structure constructed upon it and to withstand dynamic climatic conditions acting upon the gasholder etc.

Main tank

The main tank is designed to accommodate the design requirements laid down by the customer and climatic conditions There are three main sub-elements to the tank:

Tank bottom

The tank bottom forms a gas tight seal against the foundation and is “coned up” to facilitate drainage to the periphery. The bottom is covered with steel plates. The outer annular plates are butt welded against backing strips, whilst the infill plates are lap welded on the top side only. Welded to the bottom infill plates is the:

Piston support structure

When the piston is depressurised it rests on a steel framework which is welded to the bottom plates.

Tank shell

The shell of the tank is designed to accommodate the imposed loads and the general data supplied by the client. The shell is of butt-welded design and is gas tight for approximately 40% of its lower vertical height (known as the gas space) at which point the seal angle is located. The remaining upper 60% (known as the air space) of the shell has in it various apertures for access and ventilation. Attached to the shell are various accessories:

Staircase tower

For external access to the roof of the gasholder and also incorporates access to the inside of the gasholder via the shell access doors. A locked safety gate is usually located at the base of the staircase to prevent any unauthorised access to the gasholder.

Shell access doors

Doors located at pertinent points allowing access into the gasholder from the external staircase tower.

Shell vents

Allow air to be displaced from the inside of the gasholder as the piston rises.

Inlet nozzle

The connection nozzle allowing the stored gas to enter the gasholder from the supply gas main.

Outlet nozzle

For the export of the stored gas, this nozzle comes complete with an anti-vacuum grid to protect the sealing membrane during depressurisation. Depending on the operational process the inlet and outlet nozzles maybe a shared connection.

Shell drains

Allow condensates within the gasholder gas space to drain away in seal pots. The seal pots are designed to maintain the pressure with the gasholder.

Shell manways

Used for maintenance access into the gas space only used whilst the gasholder is out of service.

Earthing bosses

To ensure that the gasholder is safe during electrical storms etc.

Volume relief pipes

Essential fail-safe system to protect the gasholder from over-pressurisation. Once actuated, by the piston fender, the volume relief valves allow the stored gas to escape to atmosphere at a safe height above the gasholder roof. As the volume relief valves open they actuate a limit switch.

Volume relief limit switches

Used to send signals to the control room to confirm the status of the volume relief valves.

Level weight system

A mechanical counter balance system to ensure that the pistons moments are kept in equilibrium. The level weights, which run up and down tracks located on the gasholder shell, also actuate limit switches to signal when the gasholder volume has reached pre-defined settings.

Level weight limit switches

Used to send signals to the control room to operate import and export valves etc.

Contents scale

On the gasholder shell is a painted scale displaying the volume of gas stored within the gasholder. An arrow painted on an adjacent level weight indicates the current status. Also painted on the scale is the location of the piston in relation to the shell access doors.

Seal angle

Welded to the inside of the shell this angular section is where the sealing membrane attaches to the shell.

Tank roof

The roof is designed to withstand the local climatic conditions and the possibilities of additional loads, such as snow and dust. The roof of the gasholder is of thrust rafter radial construction and has a covering of single sided lap welded steel plates. The roof has various accessories attached including:

Centre vent

…

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Methods

Several of the methods use a randomising agent to determine each line of the hexagram. These methods produce a number which corresponds to the numbers of changing or unchanging lines discussed above, and thus determines each line of the hexagram.

Plastromancy - turtle shell cracks

Plastromancy or the turtle shell oracle is probably the earliest record of fortune telling. The diviner would apply heat to a piece of a turtle shell (sometimes with a hot poker), and interpret the resulting cracks. The cracks were sometimes annotated with inscriptions, the oldest Chinese writings that have been discovered. This oracle predated the earliest versions of the Zhou Yi (dated from about 1100 BC) by hundreds of years.

A variant on this method was to use ox shoulder bones, a practice called scapulimancy. When thick material was to be cracked, the underside was thinned by carving with a knife , teak laminate flooring .

Yarrow stalk , glass wall tile .

Hexagrams may be generated by the manipulation of yarrow stalks. The following directions are from the ten wings of the I Ching. Other instructions can be found here, and a calculation of probabilities here.

One takes fifty yarrow stalks, of which only forty-nine are used. These forty-nine are first divided into two heaps (at random), then a stalk from the right-hand heap is inserted between the ring finger and the little finger of the left hand. The left heap is counted through by fours, and the remainder (four or less) is inserted between the ring finger and the middle finger. The same thing is done with the right heap, and the remainder inserted between the forefinger and the middle finger. This constitutes one change.

Now one is holding in one’s hand either five or nine stalks in all. The two remaining heaps are put together, and the same process is repeated twice. These second and third times, one obtains either four or eight stalks. The five stalks of the first counting and the four of each of the succeeding countings are regarded as a unit having the numerical value three; the nine stalks of the first counting and the eight of the succeeding countings have the numerical value two.

When three successive changes produce the sum 3+3+3=9, this makes the old yang, i.e., a firm line that moves. The sum 2+2+2=6 makes old yin, a yielding line that moves. Seven is the young yang, and eight the young yin; they are not taken into account as individual lines.

The correct probability has been used also in the marble, bean, dice and two or four coin methods below. This probability is significantly different from that of the three-coin method, because the required amount of accuracy occupies four binary bits of information, so three coins is one bit short. In terms of chances-out-of-16, the three-coin method yields 2,2,6,6 instead of 1,3,5,7 for old-yin, old-yang, young-yang, young-yin respectively.

Note that only the remainders after counting through fours are kept and laid upon the single stalk removed at the start. The piles of four are re-used for each change, the number of piles of four is not used in calculation; it’s the remainders that are used. The removing of all the fours is a way of calculating the remainder, those fours are then re-used for the next change so that the total number of stalks in use remains high to keep all remainders equally probable.

Coins

Three-coin method

Two heads and one tail of the original I-Ching Divination Coins.

The three coin method came into currency over a thousand years later. The quickest, easiest, and most popular method by far, it has largely supplanted the yarrow stalks, and produces outcomes with different likelihoods. A three-coin method with adjusted probabilities can be found here.

Using this method, the probabilities of each type of line are as follows:

old yang: 1 in 8 (0.125)

old yin: 1 in 8 (0.125)

young yang: 3 in 8 (0.375)

young yin: 3 in 8 (0.375)

While there is one method for tossing three coins (once for each line in the hexagram), there are several ways of checking the results.

How the coins are tossed

use three coins with distinct “head” and “tail” sides

for each of the six lines of the hexagram, beginning with the first (bottom) line and ending with the sixth (top) line:

toss all three coins

write down the resulting line

once six lines have been determined, the hexagram is formed

How the line is determined from the coin toss

The numerical method:

assign the value 3 to each “head” result, and 2 to each “tail” result

total all the coin values

the total will be six, seven, eight or nine

determine the current line of the hexagram from this number: 6 = old yin, 7 = young yang, 8 = young yin, 9 = old yang.

An alternative is to count the “tails”:

3 tails = old yin

2 tails = young yang

1 tail = young yin

0 tails = old yang

Another alternative is this simple mnemonic based on the dynamics of a group of three people. If they are all boys, for example, the masculine prevails. But, if there is one girl with two boys, the feminine prevails. So:

all tails = old yin

one tail = young yin

one head = young yang

all heads = old yang

Two-coin method

Some purists contend that there is a problem with the three-coin method because its probabilities differ from the more ancient yarrow-stalk method. In fact, over the centuries there have even been other methods used for consulting the oracle.

If you want an easier and faster way of consulting the oracle with a method that has nearly the same probabilities as the yarrow stalk method, here’s a method using two coins (with two tosses per line):

first toss of the two coins: if both are “heads,” use a value of 2; otherwise, value is 3

second toss: a “head” has a value of 2, a “tail” a value of 3. Add the two values from this toss and the value from the first toss.

the sum of the three values will be 6 (old yin), 7 (young yang), 8 (young yin), or 9 (old yang). This provides the first (bottom) line of the hexagram.

Repeat the process for each remaining line.

The probabilities for this method are: old yin 0.0625, young yang 0.3125, young yin 0.4375, and old yang 0.1875.

Four coins

If you’re comfortable with binary, four coins can be very quick and easy, and like 2 coins matches the probabilities of the yarrow-stalk method. Here’s a table showing the different combinations of four coin throws and their binary sum and corresponding line (six lines making a full changing hexagram starting at the bottom). To calculate the binary sum of a four coin throw, place the coins in a line, then add up all the heads using 8 for the left-most coin, then 4, 2 and 1 for a head in the right-most position. The full explanation relating it to the yarrow stalk method is at OrganicDesign:I Ching / Divination.

Sum

Coins

Line

0

T T T T

—x—

1

T T T H

—o—

2

T T H T

—o—

3

T T H H

—o—



Sum

Coins

Line

4

T H T T

——-

5

T H T H

——-

6

T H H T

——-

7

T H H H

——-



Sum

Coins

Line

8

H T T T

——-

9

H T T H

— —

10

H T H T

— —

11

H T H H

— —



Sum

Coins

Line

12

H H T T

— —

13

H H T H

— —

14

H H H T

— —

15

H H H H

— —

Another 4 coin method uses two different pairs of coins. Each coin in the higher pair counts as one coin, but the lower pair acts as a single coin. If the coins are valued as follows, the mathematics are identical to the use of yarrow sticks. In the following example, heads will count as 3, and tails as two. The lower pair are tails if and only if both are tails.

HH (hh)= 9 HH (ht)= 9 HH (tt)= 8 HT (hh)= 8 HT (ht)= 8 HT (tt)= 7 TT (hh)= 7 TT (ht)= 7 TT (tt)= 6

Therefore the odds of 6 = 1/16 Therefore the odds of 7 = 5/16 Therefore the odds of 8 = 7/16 Therefore the odds of 9 = 3/16

Six coins

Take five identical coins, and a sixth that is similar to the five.

Shake them in your hand for a couple of seconds.

Toss them up into the air.

The coin that lines the farthest from one is the sixth line.

The coin that lands the closest to one is the first line.

The coin that is different from the others is the moving line.

Generally, “heads” is considered to be yang, and “tails” to be yin.

This method has been criticized on the grounds that it:

Forces every hexagram to be a “Moving Hexagram”;

Ignores the statistical probabilities of both the standard three coin method, and the traditional yarrow stalk method.

Ba Qian

Step 1:

Take eight identical coins.

Mark one in a small way.

Shake them up in your hand while focusing on your wish or problem.

Place the coins counter-clockwise on a diagram of the Fu Xi Order of the triagrams.

The marked coin indicates the lower triagram of the hexagram.

Step 2:

Shake the coins again.

Place the coins counter-clockwise on a diagram of the Fu Xi Order of the triagrams.

The marked coin indicates the upper triagram of the hexagram.

Remove two unmarked coins from the set.

Step 3:

Shake the coins.

Starting at the bottom, place on the lines of the hexagram.

The line with the marked coin is the moving…

chewing gum ,



Applications

Due to its low price and ubiquitous supply, mineral oil has been pressed into service in a wide variety of capacities. Most of these exploit its properties as a low-toxicity, non-reactive general purpose lubricant and coolant, or for electrical properties.

Medicine external uses

Mineral oil with added fragrance is marketed as baby oil in the US, UK and Canada. While baby oil is primarily marketed as a generic skin ointment, other applications exist in common use. It is often used on infant “diaper rashes” to ease the inflammation. Similarly, it may alleviate mild eczema, particularly when the use of corticosteroid creams is not desirable. Mineral or baby oil can also be employed in small quantities (23 drops daily) to clean inside ears. Over a couple of weeks, the mineral oil softens dried or hardened earwax so that a gentle flush of water can remove the debris. In the case of a damaged or perforated eardrum, however, mineral oil should not be used, as oil in the middle ear can lead to ear infections. It is also a recommended way of removing an insect from the ear of a human. A few drops can drown the insect, which can then be easily removed.

Mineral oil is used as a suspending and levigating agent in sulphur-based ointments.[citation needed , brown cane sugar .

Medicine internal use , borage seed oil .

Mineral oil is taken orally as a lubricative laxative, and is often prescribed to ease the pain of bowel movements for those who suffer from hemorrhoids and constipation , base lube oil .

Veterinary medicin , horse painting oil .

Certain mineral oils are used in livestock vaccines, as an adjuvant to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response to the vaccinating agent. In the poultry industry, plain mineral oil can also be swabbed onto the feet of chickens infected with scaly mites on the shank, toes, and webs. Mineral oil suffocates these tiny parasites. In beekeeping, food grade mineral oil saturated paper napkins placed in hives are used as a treatment for tracheal and other mites.

Cosmetics

Mineral oil is a common ingredient in baby lotions, cold creams, ointments and cosmetics. It is a lightweight inexpensive oil that is odorless and tasteless. It can be used on eyelashes to prevent brittleness and breaking and, in cold cream, is also used to remove creme makeup and temporary tattoos. One of the common concerns regarding the use of mineral oil is its presence on several lists of comedogenic substances. These comedogenic lists were developed many years ago yet remain frequently quoted in the dermatologic literature.

Mechanical, electrical and industrial

Mineral oil is used in a variety of industrial/mechanical capacities as a non-conductive coolant in electric components as it does not conduct electricity or thermal fluid, while simultaneously functioning to displace air and water. Some examples are in transformers where it is known as transformer oil, and in high voltage switchgear where mineral oil as an insulator and as a coolant to disperse switching arcs. The dielectric constant of mineral oil ranges from 2.3 at 50 degrees Celsius to 2.3 at 200 degrees Celsius.

Electric space heaters sometimes use it as a heat transfer oil. Because it is non-compressible, mineral oil is used as a hydraulic fluid in hydraulic machinery and vehicles. Mineral Oil is also used as a lubricant. Light mineral oil is also used in textile industries and used as a jute batching oil. An often cited limitation of mineral oil is that it is poorly biodegradable; in some applications, vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil or rapeseed oil may be used instead.

Preservative

Since it does not absorb atmospheric moisture, mineral oil is useful as a protective coating or bath for water-sensitive materials. Alkali metals like lithium are often submerged in mineral oil for storage or transportation.

Mineral oil is also often used as a coating on metal tools and weapons, knives in particular, as a way to inhibit oxidation. The Japanese swords Nihonto, for example, are traditionally coated in Choji oil which consists of 99% mineral oil and 1% oil of cloves. The use of oil of cloves is sometimes explained as a means of differentiating sword oil from cooking oil to prevent accidental ingestion, but may also be purely aesthetic.

Mineral oil can be used as a leather conditioner as well, though most shoe polishes use naphtha, lanolin, turpentine and Carnauba wax instead.

It can also be used as a wood preservative. A light coating of mineral oil, rubbed into well-sanded wood, provides an easy-to-apply and relatively durable finish, without the odor or drying time (or toxicity) of varnish or urethane.

Food preparation

Mineral oil's ability to prevent water absorption, combined with its lack of flavor and odor, make it a popular preservative for wooden cutting boards, salad bowls and utensils. Rubbing a small amount of mineral oil into a wooden kitchen item periodically will prevent absorption of food odors and ease cleaning, as well as maintain the integrity of the wood, which is otherwise subjected to repeated wetting and drying in the course of use. The oil fills small surface cracks that may otherwise harbor bacteria.

It is occasionally used in the food industry, particularly for candy. In this application, it is typically used for the glossy effect it produces, and to prevent the candy pieces from adhering to each other. It has been discouraged for use in children's foods, though it is still found in many candies, including the popular movie theater treat Swedish Fish.

It can be used as a release agent for baking pans and trays, but food oils like vegetable oil are a more popular choice.

Cleaning

Mineral oil can be used to clean heavier oil stains by diluting and liquefying the other oils, rendering the oils more accessible to detergents. Likewise, it can be employed to "de-gum," to remove adhesive residue left by price tags or adhesive tape. It can be used as a cleaner and solvent for inks in fine art printmaking as well as in oil painting, though turpentine is more often used.

Mineral oil is also used in some guitar string cleaners, since it can help mobilize dirt and oil without contributing to the oxidization of the metal strings.

Mineral oil can leave a residue, which is undesirable in some applications.

Fire performance

Mineral oil is the main fuel used by professional firespinners and firebreathers. It is chosen for its high flashpoint and low burning temperature. As a firebreathing fuel it is ideal because it will not tend to burn as a liquid, due to the high flashpoint, thus preventing blowback.

Miscellaneous

Mineral oil's ubiquity has led to its use in some niche applications as well.

It is used to make lava lamps.

Mineral oil is used to darken soapstone countertops for aesthetic purposes.

It is commonly used to create a "wear" effect on new clay poker chips, which can otherwise only be accomplished through prolonged use. The chips are either placed in mineral oil (and left there for a short period of time), or the oil is applied to each chip individually, then rubbed clean. This removes any chalky residue leftover from manufacture, and also improves the look and "feel" of the chips.

It has a high refractive index, so it is sometimes used in oil immersion microscopes.

It is the principal fuel in some types of gel-type scented candles.

It is an effective pesticide, particularly for edible plants. It is effective against a wide range of insects and all stages of insect development.[citation needed]

Mineral oil has been used to immerse computers in order to absorb heat and cool the system in some custom-built projects.

Mineral oil is used in some household cleaners but has been proven to have no real cleaning benefits.[citation needed]

It is sometimes used as a personal lubricant (although it is not safe for use with latex condoms), and as an alternative to plant or herbal oils for massage.

It can be used in some model trains as a substitute for the “smoke fluid” or “smoke oil” that simulates steam coming from a steam engine.

It can be used in basement floor drain traps to float on top of the water slowing its evaporation thereby keeping sewer gas from entering the house for a longer period of time

Mineral oil can be used as a dust suppressant.

In microbiology, mineral oil may be added atop agar stab growth media to create an anaerobic environment.

Other names

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008)

The broad range of applications for mineral oil has resulted in an equally expansive list of application-specific names and trade brands. Other names for mineral oil include:

Adepsine oil

Albolene

Cable oil

Baby Oil

Drakeol

Electrical Insulating Oil

Heat-treating oil

Hydraulic oil

Lignite oil

Liquid paraffin

Mineral Seal Oil

Paraffin oil

Petrolatum

Petroleum, liquid

White oil

See also

Petroleum jelly

Food grade mineral oil

References

^ “Mechanical properties of materials”. Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants. National Physical Laboratory. http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_2/2_2_1.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-06.

^ Suwarno Darma, I.S. (2008). “Dielectric Properties of Mixtures between Mineral Oil and Natural…

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History

Bulk vending dates back at least to the late 19th century. Vending machines were widely used in Europe before they became popular in the United States. In the early 1880s, the first commercial coin operated vender was introduced in London and stocked with postcards. In 1888, the Thomas Adams Gum Co. introduced bulk venders to America, using the machines to sell Tutti frutti gum on elevated subway platforms in New York City. In 1897, the Pulver Manufacturing Company added animated figures to its gum machines. In 1907, the round candy coated gumball, a staple product in modern vending machines, was introduced. In 1909, Emerson A. Bolen formed the Northwestern Novelty Company, selling the Yankee, a penny matchstick vending machine; Bolen’s company is now one of the most prominent bulk vending machine manufacturers. In 1913, Ford Mason leased 102 machines and placed them in stores and shops of communities in western New York State; he would eventually found the Ford Gum & Machine Company, an empire of over 500,000 vending machines. In 1948, Oak Manufacturing opened its doors; it would become one of the largest equipment manufacturers in the industry. In 1949, Roger C. Folz purchased his first vending machine; Folz Vending was the largest operator of bulk vending equipment in the United States, owning and operating over 150,000 machines nationwide at their peak.

In 1950, the United States Treasury Department attempted to impose gambling excise taxes on bulk vendors on the grounds that there was no way for consumers to know for sure which gumball or other product the machine would dispense. For a short time, manufacturers installed viewfinders in bulk vending machines to display the next item to be vended. Vendors organized to found the National Bulk Vendors Association (NBVA), which successfully lobbied against the taxes, arguing that the items vended were of approximate or equivalent value. The NBVA has since lobbied on behalf of bulk vendors on a variety of issues; for instance, it joined the Coin Coalition which pushed for elimination of the U.S. one dollar bill in favor of the United States dollar coin.

From the consumer’s perspective

Operation of bulk vending equipment is usually fairly straightforward for the consumer, involving placing the appropriate coin or coins in the machine and turning a knob or pulling a lever. If candy in a machine is low, however, and it appears unevenly distributed, the customer may wish to rock or whack the machine in order to knock some candy into the candy wheel, which is located in the bottom of the canister in the center. Depending on the design of the machine, though which usually involves a wheel making a one-third turn with every vend it may already be too late to ensure that the next vend bears fruit. A distinguishing feature of bulk vending is that the items are dispensed at random, so it is usually impossible to choose which item comes out of the machine next. A child trying to get a complete set of Britney Spears photographs, for instance, may end up with several duplicates; hence, the introduction of “trading cards” and similarly-themed products, with the idea that consumers will trade the duplicates with one another , palm oil rbd .

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Advantages and disadvantages of bulk vendin , coconut massage oil .

Bulk vending is a hands-on business requiring research and planning, as well as sales ability and investment of time, to be successful. Many of the same considerations that apply to other small businesses, such as accounting, income taxation, liability insurance, and so on, also apply to bulk vending. On the other hand, some aspects, such as fixed costs and required seed money, are quite different from most start-ups , oil edible .

Advantages of bulk vending

The gross margins in the bulk candy business can be quite high gumballs, for instance, can be purchased in bulk for 2 cents apiece and sold for 25 cents. In addition, the machines are typically inexpensive compared to soda or snack machines. Both the machines and product are relatively portable, and the machines are easier to service than in other types of vending. In many states, bulk vendors are exempt from sales tax. Bulk vending may be a practical choice for an individual simultaneously working a full time job, because many venues that host bulk vending machines, such as retailers and restaurants, are open on weekends and during evening hours.

Disadvantages of bulk vending

Initially, the cost of insurance for a beginning operation may be cost prohibitive. Consequently, many beginning operators do not carry liability insurance on their machines. Complicating the situation is that there are limited companies which offer insurance for Bulk Vendors.

The business is susceptible to inflation because product costs rise higher than prices customers are willing to pay. Many bulk candy vending mechanisms are not equipped to accommodate price increases, unlike electronic machines. Locations often do not see a compelling need to have a bulk candy machine. Moreover, because locations know the machines are easily portable, it is not uncommon for bulk vendors to get kicked out of a location.

Vendors generally report that about 1-4% of their machines disappear annually, a problem exacerbated by the fact that machines are usually located close to store entrances, where they are easy to steal. Locations inside existing businesses can be in peril if the business goes bankrupt or evicted from rented premises. Machines have been known to be seized or liquidated by the host businesses’ creditors, before the rightful owner has a chance to retrieve them.

Business opportunities

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A U-Turn Terminator bulk vendor.

U-Turn Vending, for instance, sells an unusual machine that rotates on its base so that customers can choose between four, eight, or twelve selections. Many of the biz-ops still in existence operate on the margins of legality, escaping liability through carefully-worded contracts that make it difficult for customers to cash in on money-back guarantees. State and federal government agencies have issued statements warning of business opportunity scams in the bulk vending industry.

The majority of professional vendors do not use U-Turns as they are disproportionately expensive, are comparably difficult to service, the plastic mechanisms have more problems than metal ones, and replacement parts are also disproportionately expensive when compared to those of Oak Manufacturing Co. or the Northwestern Corp. Advice to the beginner in this industry, as in most, is to imitate those successful operators, their choice of machines, etc.

The FTC website lists complaints filed by the U.S. Government against scores of vending biz-ops. Many of them, remain in business and have large advertising budgets. The high profit margins these companies earn from selling overpriced equipment enables them to pay the fines and continue operating.

Machinery

General considerations

Vendors have a wide variety of machines to choose from. The selection of a machine is important because it can affect sales, time spent servicing the machine, willingness of locations to allow placement of the machine, and a variety of other factors affecting overall profits. Like a car, once a vending machine is placed in service, its resale value drops dramatically. This is especially true for machines that were overpriced to begin with.

Northwestern Corporation (established 1909) and Oak Manufacturing (established 1948) are generally regarded in the vending community as companies that sell high-quality bulk candy machines.

The ideal color of the machine may depend on the clientele. In retail locations frequented by children, an eye-catching red or yellow may be best. Chinese restaurants, for instance, typically favor red. In offices where adults are the customers, a more subdued blue, grey, silver, or black may be better. If a location has a color coordination, it may be good to keep with the color coordination.

Stands mostly come in two colors, black and chrome. Chrome has a tendency to rust when exposed to moisture from mopped floors, humidity, etc. Black stands suffer from the same problems, but can be repainted with inexpensive black gloss spray paint more cheaply than chrome stands can be rechromed.

Sticker adhesive can be removed from machines by applying lighter fluid and then rinsing with dish soap. To find out what cleaners work best on a particular machine, it may be good to keep a machine in the house and try everything on it to see what works. There are products that can remove scratches from canisters, for instance.

Machine types

The best choice of machine type largely depends on location. A gimmicky machine, such as one that has flashing lights following a gumball down a spiral, is better suited to shopping malls and other locations with many new customers visiting who are unfamiliar with the machine (and thus have not become jaded about it). For most locations, a simple single- or double-head stand is sufficient.[citation needed] In some high-traffic locations, a four selection machine is the best but can cause product to go stale in a location with fewer sales.

…

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thony “Tino” De Angelis (born in 1915) was a Bayonne, NJ-based commodities trader who bought and sold vegetable oil futures around the world. In 1962 he started a huge scam, attempting to corner the market for soybean oil, used in salad dressing. In the aftermath of the salad oil scandal, investors (51 banks) learned that he had bilked them out of about $175 million in total ($1.2 billion in year 2000 dollars). The scam is named after De Angelis’s company, Allied Crude Vegetable Oil Refining Corporation.

De Angelis grew up in the Bronx, the son of Italian immigrants. He worked in a meat and fish market, and while still a teenager was managing some 200 employees. He soon found that the new National School Lunch Act program would buy practically anything given certain price requirements. After he took over Adolph Gobel Company in North Bergen, New Jersey, he gained a large contract, but then overcharged the government $31,000. He also delivered over 2 million pounds of uninspected meat. Gobel went to court and went bankrupt.

In 1955, he formed Allied Crude Vegetable Oil Refining Corporation and other related companies to take advantage of the U.S. Government’s Food for Peace program. This program sold various surplus products to Europe for low cost in order to shore up their weak post-war economies. He formed Allied in a dilapidated “tank farm” in Bayonne and, with the patronage of major grain exporters, he began shipping massive quantities of substandard shortening and other vegetable oil products to Europe. De Angelis slowly became a major player in Europe and the commodities markets, expanding into cotton and soybeans.

Starting in 1962, De Angelis decided that his network was strong enough that he could make a serious attempt to corner the market on soybean oil and started to buy massive quantities. On the basis of this huge value of inventory, he took out massive loans from various Wall Street banks and companies, and used the cash to buy all of the futures on the oil. This way he would not only own a large quantity of soon-to-be expensive oil, but also cheap futures that would soon be worth a considerable value when the prices went up. He also used this cash to pay his staff, influence the community and occasionally make sincere gestures, such as paying a government official’s hospital bill.

“Inventory in Action”: Manipulation of Amex warehouse receipts

American Express in the early 1960s was a respected name in traveler’s checks and credit cards. They created a new division that would specialize in “Field Warehousing”. It was a way for Amex to loan a business money based on inventory of goods and commodities. Tino De Angelis was a new customer, and Amex wrote him warehouse receipts for many millions of pounds of vegetable oil. The receipts could be taken to a bank or broker and exchanged for cash. The lender would then “own” the oil as collateral.

As the exchanges became more regular, De Angelis reduced the actual amount of oil he had. The tanks at Allied Crude were increasingly filled with water, with a small, and constant, amount of oil floating on top. Some tanks had special compartments at the top, and others were a maze of pipes where oil could be shuttled between them to make one tank of oil appear in other tanks at key times. When inspectors visited and dipped the tanks, they found oil and everything seemed fine. The loans based on the warehouse receipts were “guaranteeing” that the oil was really in the tanks.

What was puzzling about the quality of Amex’s Field Warehousing operation was that since De Angelis was theoretically buying so much, they essentially authenticated the existence of much more salad oil than was actually accounted for in the entire United States, according to monthly reports from the Department of Agriculture. While the warehouse operation was small for Amex, they were lenient with De Angelis, as he was one of their biggest customers. With Amex continuing to vouch for the inventories, their trusted seal of approval combined with De Angelis’ talent for offering great deals, mainstream companies such as Bunge Limited, Staley, Procter and Gamble, and The Bank of America also provided loans.

Scam exposed

The inspectors were eventually tipped off by such things as attempted bribery and delivery mistakes. So they returned to Allied’s tanks in Bayonne and found the water. The result was a massive crash of the futures market, wiping out in minutes the entire value of the loans.

On November 19, 1963, De Angelis’s company filed for bankruptcy, at which point investors learned hundreds of millions were unaccounted for. The brokerages who handled De Angelis’s futures trades were now tainted, and the next day the NYSE, worried about potential U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission involvement, suspended Williston and Beane and Ira Haupt and Co. from trading. Word started spreading as traders investigated the suspension, and desperately tried to get their holdings out of the companies.

The entire debacle was overshadowed by the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. Hours before Kennedy was shot, NY Stock Exchange president G. Keith Funston was attempting to avoid a massive crash caused by the 20,700 customers of Ira Haupt, who feared their holdings were now worthless. Because of the trading the brokerage firm did on De Angelis’ behalf, they owed various banks over $37,000,000 that it could not pay. The Kennedy assassination provided the panic that Funston was trying to avoid. In 27 minutes, the Dow dropped 24 points (about 5%) and 2.6 million shares were sold off; the exchange closed 83 minutes early that day.

During investigations it was learned that De Angelis had hidden over $500,000 in a Swiss bank account and this led to a charge of contempt, since he had declared bankruptcy. He also could not explain large cash withdrawals from Allied. Eventually the details were sorted out, and Amex was forced to take a massive loss when they made good on their warehouse contracts. The two trading firms were eventually snapped up by larger players, and De Angelis ended up with a seven year jail term. Interestingly, keen observer and investor Warren Buffett took advantage of the stock plunge of American Express and bought 5% of the company for $20 Million (US).

In 1972, De Angelis was released. He was soon involved in another scam, this time a Ponzi scheme involving Midwest cattle. This attempt collapsed before it really got started.

The swindle was documented in detail by Norman C. Miller in The Great Salad Oil Swindle (Baltimore, MD: Coward McCann Books, 1965). The book is based on Miller’s coverage of the story in the Wall Street Journal, which won a Pulitzer Prize in 1964.

External link , cooking oil suppliers .

A web page about the mafia in New Jersey contains an excerpt from Norman Miller’s article.

v d e

Confidence tricks and con artists

Terminology

Confidence trick Error account Mark Shill Sucker list

Notable confidence tricks

Advance fee fraud Badger game Black money scam Bogus escrow Clip joint Drop Swindle Embarrassing cheque Employment scams Hustling Mock auction Penny-and-dime scam Pig in a poke Pigeon drop Reloading scam Shell game Slavery reparations scam Spanish Prisoner Thai gem scam Thai tailor scam Three-card Monte White van speaker scam

Pyramid and Ponzi schemes

(List of Ponzi schemes)

Dona Branca Caritas Bernard Cornfeld Foundation for New Era Philanthropy High-yield investment program Investors Overseas Service MMM Make Money Fast Reed Slatkin

Notable con artists

Frank Abagnale Tino De Angelis Philip Arnold Nicky Arnstein Scotty Lou Blonger Ed “Big Ed” Burns David “Race” Bannon Matthew Cox Louis Enricht Billie Sol Estes Arthur Furguson Peter Foster Oscar Hartzell Sante Kimes Henri Lemoine Victor Lustig Gregor MacGregor Bernard Madoff George C. Parker Charles Ponzi Steven Jay Russell Soapy Smith Titanic Thompson William Thompson Joseph Weil Fictional con artists

v d e

American Express

Payment products

Credit cards Charge cards Traveler’s cheques Centurion Card Red Card ExpressPay Plum Card

Magazines

Travel + Leisure Food & Wine Departures Magazine Executive Travel

Spun-off companies

Ameriprise Financial First Data Corp. Lehman Brothers Merchants Despatch Railway Express Agency Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment

Notable current and former executives

Henry Wells William Fargo J.C. Fargo Ralph Reed James D. Robinson III Lou Gerstner Sandy Weill Harvey Golub Ken Chenault Gary Crittenden

Corporate directors

Ken Chenault (Chairman) Daniel Akerson Charlene Barshefsky Ursula Burns Peter Chernin Vernon Jordan, Jr. Jan Leschly Rick Levin Edward Miller Frank Popoff Robert Walter Ron Williams

Other

Amex Bank of Canada American Express Incentive Services The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman World Monuments Watch Salad Oil Scandal Three World Financial Center 65 Broadway

Annual revenue: $24.27 billion USD ( 10% FY 2005) Employees: 65,800 Stock symbol: NYSE: AXP Website: www.americanexpress.com

Categories: American Express | Confidence tricksters | People from the Bronx | 1915 births | Living people | Italian Americans

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The Best Polish Songs… Ever!

Compilation album by Various Artists

Released

November 30, 2007

Genre

Pop, Rock

Length

more than 240 min

Label

EMI

Various Artists chronology

The Best Classics… Ever! vol. 2(2007)

The Best Polish Songs… Ever!(2007)

The Best Love… Ever!(2008)

The Best Polish Songs… Ever!- is a compilation released by EMI in late 2007. Generally, it has been released for Poles, who live abroad (in other country than Poland) and for polish music’s fans.

Contents

1 Track listing

1.1 CD 1

1.2 CD 2

1.3 CD 3

1.4 CD 4

2 External links

//


Track listing

CD 1

Wilki- “Ba?ka”

Myslovitz- “Ch?opcy”

Virgin- “Znak pokoju”

Bajm- “Szklanka wody”

O.N.A.- “Kiedy powiem sobie do??”

Edyta Bartosiewicz- “Sen”

Brathanki- “Czerwone korale”

Kayah & Goran Bregovic - “Prawy do lewego”

Maanam- “Boskie Buenos”

Kasia Kowalska- “Jak rzecz”

Hey- “Teksa?ski”

Andrzej Piaseczny- “Szcz??cie jest blisko”

De Mono- “Statki na niebie”

Kombii- “S?odkiego mi?ego ?ycia”

Formacja Niw?ywych Schabuff- “Lato”

Ch?opcy z Placu Broni- “Kocham Ci?”

Kukiz i Piersi- “Ca?uj mnie”

Lady Pank- “Mniej ni? zero”

Rezerwat- “Zaopiekuj si? mn?”

CD 2

Krzysztof Kilja?ski feat. Kayah- “Prz Ciebie nic”

Ryszard Rynkowski- “Dziewczyny lubi? br?z”

Blue Caf- “Do nieba, do piek?a”

Kasia Cerekwicka- “Na kolana”

Ewelina Flinta- “?a?uj?”

Feel- “A gdy jest ju? ciemno”

Chyli?ska- “Winna”

Patrycja Markowska- “?wiat si? pomyli?”

Marcin Rozynek- “Si?acz”

Beata- “Siedz? i my?l?”

Goya- “Tylko mnie kochaj”

Sidney Polak feat. Pezet- “Otwieram wino”

Reni Jusis- “Kiedy? Ci? znajd?”

Kayah- “Supermanka”

Anita Lipnicka- “I wszystko si? mo?e zdarzy?”

Justyna Steczkowska- “Dziewczyna szamana”

Edyta Gniak- “Jestem kobiet?”

Varius Manx- “Zanim zrozumiesz”

Natalia Kukulska- “Im wi?cej Ciebie tym mniej”

Olga Szyam?ska, Przmys?aw Brenny- “Niech mi?, ?e to nie jest mi?o??”

CD 3

Raz Dwa Trzy- “Nikt nikogo (i tak warto ?y?)”

Republika- “Zapytaj mnie czy ci? kocham”

Grzegorz Turnau- “Mi?dzy cisz? a cisz?”

Strachy na Lachy- “Dzie? Dobry Kocham Ci?”

Szwagierkolaska- “U cioci na imieninach”

Kult- “Gdy nie ma dzieci”

Elektryczne Gitary- “W?osy”

Stanis?aw Soyka- “Tolerancja (Na mi?y B)”

Coma- “Spadam”

R?e Europy- “Jedwab”

T.Love- “King”

Kluas Mitffoch - “Jezu, jak si? ciesz?”

Perfect- “Autobiografia”

Aya RL- “Ska”

Tilt- “Mi? Ci, ?e”

Breakout- “Kiedy by?em ma?ym ch?opcem”

Daab- “W moim ogrodzie”

Sztywny Pal Azji- “?o?e w kolorze czerwonym”

Kobranocka- “Kocham Ci? jak Irlandi?”

Kazik- “Maciek, ja tylko ?artowa?em”

CD 4

Anita Lipnicka & John Porter- “Bones Of Love”

Myslovitz- “Sound Of Solitude”

Wilki- “Son Of The Blue Sky”

T.Love- “He Was Born To Be Taxi Driver”

Maanam- “Lipstick On The Glass’

The Car Is On Fire- “Cranks”

Stanis?aw Soyka- “You Are So Beautiful”

Edyta Gniak- “When You Come Back To Me”

Tatiana Okupnik- “Don’t Hold Back”

Natalia Kukulska- “Sexi Flexi”

Reni Jusis- “It’s Not Enough”

Edyta Bartosiewicz- “Good Bye To The Roman Candles”

Makowiecki Band- “Can’t Get You Out Of My Head”

Blue Caf- “You May Be In Love”

Goya- “Smells Like Teen Spirit”

Pati Yang- “All This Is Thirst”

Agressiva 69- “Situations”

External links

album description



v?d?eThe Best… Ever!

The Best Smooth Jazz

The Best Smooth Jazz… Ever! ? The Best Smooth Jazz… Ever! vol. 2 ? The Best Smooth Jazz… Ever! vol. 3

The Best Classics

The Best Classics… Ever! ? The Best Classics… Ever! vol. 2

The Best Polish Songs

The Best Polish Songs… Ever! ? The Best Polish Love Songs… Ever!

Other

The Best Samba… Ever! ? The Best Christmas… Ever! ? The Best Rock Ballads… Ever! ? The Best Disco… Ever! ? The Best Love… Ever! ? The Best Kids… Ever! ? The Best Film… Ever!

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_Polish_Songs…_Ever!”
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(Redirected from Single wire earth return)



Canadian SWER line

Single wire earth return (SWER ) or single wire ground return is a single-wire transmission line for supplying single-phase electrical power from an electrical grid to remote areas at low cost. It is principally used for rural electrification, but also finds use for larger isolated loads such as water pumps, and light rail. Single wire earth return is also used for HVDC over submarine power cables.

Contents

1 Description

2 History

3 Characteristics

3.1 Safety

3.2 Cost advantage

3.3 Reliability strengths

3.4 Power quality weakness

4 Networks and circuits

5 Regulatory issues

6 Use in interties

7 Use by developing nations

8 Use for HVDC systems

8.1 Examples of HVDC systems with single wire earth return

9 References

10 External articles and links

//


Description

SWER is a choice for a distribution system when conventional return current wiring would cost more than SWER isolation transformers and small power losses. Power engineers experienced with both SWER and conventional power lines rate SWER as equally safe, more reliable, less costly, but with slightly lower efficiency than conventional lines.

Power is supplied to the SWER line by an isolating transformer of up to 300 kVA. This isolates the grid from ground or earth, and changes the grid voltage (typically 22 kilovolts line to line) to the SWER voltage (typically 12.7 or 19.1 kilovolts line to earth).

The SWER line is a single conductor that may stretch for tens or even hundreds of kilometres, visiting a number of termination points. At each termination point, such as a customer’s premises, current flows from the line, through the primary coil of a step-down transformer, to earth through an earth stake. From the earth stake, the current eventually finds its way back to the main step-down transformer at the head of the line, completing the circuit.[citation needed] SWER is therefore a practical example of a phantom loop.

The secondary winding of the local transformer will supply the customer with either single ended single phase (N-0) or split phase (N-0-N) power in the region standard appliance voltages, with the 0 volt line connected to a safety earth that does not normally carry an operating current.

A large SWER line may feed as many as 80 distribution transformers. The transformers are usually rated at 5kVA, 10kVA and 25kVA. The load densities are usually below 0.5kVA per kilometer (0.8kVA per mile) of line. Any single customer maximum demand will typically be less than 3.5kVA, but larger loads up to the capacity of the distribution transformer can also be supplied.

Some SWER systems in the USA are conventional distribution feeders that were built without a continuous neutral (most likely obsoleted transmission lines that were refitted for rural distribution service). The substation feeding such lines has a grounding rod on each pole within the substation; then on each branch from the line, the span between the pole next to and the pole carrying the transformer would have a grounded conductor (giving each transformer two grounding points for safety reasons).

History

At the end of the 19th century, Nikola Tesla demonstrated that only a single wire was necessary for power systems, with no need for a wired return conductor (using the Earth instead). Lloyd Mandeno fully developed SWER in New Zealand around 1925 for rural electrification. Although he termed it arth Working Single Wire Line it was often called andeno Clothesline. More than 200,000 kilometres have now been installed in Australia and New Zealand. It is considered safe, reliable and low cost, provided that safety features and earthing are correctly installed. The Australian standards are widely used and cited. It has been applied in Saskatchewan, Brazil, Africa, portions of the United States’ Upper Midwest, and SWER interties have been proposed for Alaska and prototyped.

Characteristics

Safety

SWER violates common wisdom about electrical safety, because it lacks a traditional metallic return to a neutral shared by the generator. SWER safety is instead assured because transformers isolate the ground from both the generator and user. However, certain groups claim that stray voltages from SWER can injure livestock.

Grounding is critical because of the significant currents on the order of 8amperes that flow through the ground near the earth points, so a good-quality earth connection is needed to prevent risk of electric shock due to earth potential rise near this point. Separate grounds for power and safety are also used. Duplication of the ground points assures that the system is still safe if either of the grounds is damaged.

A good earth connection is normally a 6m stake of copper-clad steel driven vertically into the ground, and bonded to the transformer earth and tank. A good ground resistance is 510 ohms. SWER systems are designed to limit the voltage in the earth to 20 volts per meter to avoid shocking people and animals that might be in the area.

Other standard features include automatic reclosing circuit breakers (reclosers). Most faults (overcurrent) are transient. Since the network is rural, most of these faults will be cleared by the recloser. Each service site needs a rewirable drop out fuse for protection and switching of the transformer. The transformer secondary should also be protected by a standard high-rupture capacity (HRC) fuse or low voltage circuit breaker. A surge arrestor (spark gap) on the high voltage side is common, especially in lightning-prone areas.

Bare-wire or ground-return telecommunications can be compromised by the ground-return current if the grounding area is closer than 100m or sinks more than 10A of current. Modern radio, optic fibre channels and cell phone systems are unaffected.

Cost advantage

SWER main advantage is its low cost. It is often used in sparsely populated areas where the cost of building an isolated distribution line cannot be justified. Capital costs are roughly 50% of an equivalent two-wire single-phase line. They can be 70% less than 3-wire three-phase systems. Maintenance costs are roughly 50% of an equivalent line.

SWER also reduces the largest cost of a distribution network, the number of poles. Conventional 2-wire or 3-wire distribution lines have a higher power transfer capacity, but can require seven poles per kilometre, with spans of 100m to 150m. SWER high line voltage and low current permits the use of low-cost galvanized steel wire. Steel greater strength permits spans of 400m or more, reducing the number of poles to 2.5/km.

Reinforced concrete poles have been traditionally used in SWER lines because of their low cost, low maintenance, and resistance to water damage, termites and fungus. Local labor can produce them in most areas, further lowering costs.

If the cable contains optic fibre, or carries telephone service, this can further amortize the capital costs.

Reliability strengths

SWER can be used in a grid or loop, but is usually arranged in a linear or radial layout to save costs. In the customary linear form, a single-point failure in a SWER line causes all customers further down the line to lose power. However, since it has fewer components in the field, SWER has less to fail. For example, since there is only one line, winds can cause lines to clash, removing a source of damage, as well as a source of rural brush fires.

Since the line can’t clash in the wind, and the bulk of the transmission line has low resistance attachments to earth, excessive ground currents from shorts and geomagnetic storms are far more rare than in conventional metallic-return systems. So, SWER has fewer ground-fault circuit-breaker…
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Blake v. City and County of San Francisco

Supreme Court of the United States

Argued January 30, 1885Decided March 2, 1885

Full case name

Flagg v. Walker

Holding

Court membership

Chief JusticeMorrison Waite

Associate JusticesSamuel F. Miller Stephen J. FieldJoseph P. Bradley John M. HarlanWilliam B. Woods T. Stanley MatthewsHorace Gray Samuel Blatchford

Case opinions

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Blake v. City and County of San Francisco, 113 U.S. 679 (1885), was an appeal from a decree that dismissed a bill filed by the appellant to restrain the infringement by the appellees of reissued letters patent granted to the appellant as the assignee of original letters patent issued to Thomas H. Bailey. The original patent was dated February 9, 1864, and the reissue September 18, 1877. They were for “a new and improved valve for water cylinders of steam fire engines and other pump cylinders.” The specification, which was substantially the same in both patents, stated that previous to the invention therein described, the only valve used to relieve the pressure upon fire hose to prevent them from bursting was one operated by hand. To obviate the defects of such a valve, the inventor applied at some point between the engine or pump and the hose nozzle a valve which opened automatically by the pressure in the hose or the pump cylinder, so as to discharge an additional stream and thereby relieve the pressure.

The reissued patent contains two claims, the second of which only is found in the original. They were as follows:

The combination, with a pump cylinder and hose of a fire engine, of an automatic relief valve arranged relatively thereto substantially as specified.

The combination of the value C, stem d’, spring E, adjustable cap D, and pin-hole d whereby the valve may be either held upon its seat with a variable yielding pressure or may be elevated therefrom or held immovably thereon, as an ordinary screw plug.

The answer of the defendants denied infringement, denied that Bailey was the original inventor of the devices described in his patent, and averred that his alleged invention had been in notorious public use many years before the application of a patent therefor by Bailey.

The appellant did not contend that the appellees infringe the first claim of the reissued patent. He based his demand for relief on the alleged infringement of the second claim only.

The proper construction of this claim was that it covered an automatic valve in combination with a contrivance consisting of a pinhole and pin, by which the valve may be raised from its seat, so as to leave the valve hole permanently open, or by which the valve may be rigidly closed upon its seat, making a closed or plug valve.

The evidence showed that Bailey was not the first to conceive the idea of a device for opening or closing rigidly an automatic valve. The same thing had been done by means of wedges and screws and other devices. He cannot therefore cover by his patent all the devices for producing this result, no matter what their form or mode of operation. The claim must be confined to the specific device described in the specification and claim — namely a pinhole and pin. If this construction of the claim be adopted, it is clear that no infringement is shown, for the appellees do not use a pinhole and pin for holding their valve open or closed, but a screw, sleeve, or cap, and therefore one of the elements of the combination, covered by the second claim of appellant’s patent, is wanting in the device used by the appellees.

But if it be contended that the device covered by the second claim of the appellant’s patent is infringed simply by the use of an automatic relief valve which can be converted at will into an open or closed valve, the evidence in the record is abundant.

Upon this state of facts, it was plain that the mere employment by the defendants of the old and well known automatic safety valve afforded no ground upon which to base the relief prayed for in the appellant’s bill. Appellant’s counsel therefore disclaimed any right to the exclusive use of an automatic safety valve, and said: “We do not claim the valve any further than in this combination with a steam fire engine.”

If it be conceded, therefore, that the second claim of appellant’s patent covered the use of an automatic relief valve applied to a steam fire engine and hose, the question is presented whether the appellant’s patent thus construed is valid.

Justice Horace Gray speaking for the court;

“It is settled by many decisions of this Court . . . that the application of an old process or machine to a similar or analogous subject, with no change in the manner of application, and no result substantially distinct in its nature, will not sustain a patent, even if the new form of result has not before been contemplated.”

It follows from this principle that where the public has acquired in any way the right to use a machine or device for a particular purpose, it has the right to use it for all the like purposes to which it can be applied, and no one can take out a patent to cover the application of the device to a similar purpose.

If there is any qualification of this rule, it is that if a new and different result is obtained by a new application of an invention, such new application may be patented as an improvement on the original invention, but if the result claimed as new is the same in character as the original result, it will not be deemed a new result for this purpose. For instance, an automatic relief valve, used to relieve the pressure of steam, produces no new result in character when used to relieve the pressure of water unless some further effect besides the mere relief of pressure is obtained. This qualification therefore will not affect the present case, because no new result in character is accomplished by the supposed invention of the plaintiff. Besides, it appears from the evidence that before Bailey’s patent was applied for, relief valves were in common use, both on land and at sea. They were commonly used on the steam feed pumps of steamships. These pumps were usually fitted with nozzles for the attachment of hose, so that the feed pump could, in case of need, be used as a steam fire engine. It is therefore plain that in this state of the art, Bailey could not obtain a valid patent for applying a similar valve to a portable steam fire engine. He could not do this for two reasons: first, because the public had the right to use the valve for all similar purposes for which it was adapted, and second because the application of a valve, which had been used on a stationary steam fire engine on ships, to a portable steam fire engine on land, did not require any ingenuity, or involve invention.

It is no answer to this to assert that the application of a relief valve to a portable steam fire engine is the invention of a new combination. There was no invention. The combination was already in public use on steamships. The application of the valve to a similar use on land was not a new combination or a new invention.

We are of opinion, therefore, that, construing his patent as the appellant has been compelled by the testimony to do, Bailey invented nothing but the pinhole and pin mentioned in his specification, and this is not used by the appellees.

The decree of the circuit court was affirmed.

See also

List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113

References

^ Blake v. City and County of San Francisco, 113 U.S. 679 (1885) Justia.com

External links

113 679 Justia.com (full case)

Categories: United States intellectual property case law | History of San Francisco, California | United States Supreme Court cases | 1885 in law
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A package of J-B WELD, showing “hardener” (red tube) & “steel” (black tube of resin): equal amounts are squeezed from both tubes & mixed.

The J-B Weld Company is an international company that produces epoxy products. The home office is based in Sulphur Springs, Texas (USA). Also, “J-B WELD” (all caps) is the name of their flagship product: a specialized, high-temperature epoxy adhesive for use in bonding materials together (see below: J-B WELD epoxy). The company is famous for its advertisements showing engine block repair with J-B WELD.

Contents

1 History

2 Products

2.1 J-B WELD epoxy

2.1.1 About alcohol

2.2 J-B KWIK epoxy

3 Notes

4 References

5 External links

//


History

The company had its beginnings in the mid 1960s. Sam Bonham, at the time running a machine shop, discovered a way to create what he called a “tougher than steel” epoxy. In 1968, Sam’s future wife Mary persuaded him to sell his invention and founded the J-B WELD Company. Initially, they sold to automotive shops in Texas. The company currently does business in all states in the United States, and in 27 foreign countries.

Sam died suddenly in 1989. He had commented before his death, “My life’s dream is for J-B WELD to be all the way around the world, and for me to see an 18-wheeler load out of here with nothing but J-B WELD.” Within a year of his death, Mary had opened a European hub in London, England, internationalizing the J-B Weld company and the distribution of the product.

Products

Product: JB-WELD

Type:

2-part epoxy

Surfaces:

metal, wood, fiberglass, PVC & ABS, concrete, ceramic, glass, fabric

Avoid:

clean slick/oily surfaces; do not use alcohol

Temperature (max)

315 degrees C (600 F) 10min

Temperature (minimum)

-55 degrees C (-67 F)

Set time:

4-6 hours

Harden time:

15 hours, but sooner under heat lamp or lightbulb after 6 hours

Preparation:

sanding, acetone, lacquerthinner, or soap (DO NOT use alcohol or petroleum solvents)

Health issues:

Avoid contact with eyes or with skin (wash with soap & water); bonds with skin; non-toxic if injested

Removal:

when dry, by filing or rasping

Strength (psi):

Tensile Strength: 3960, Adhesion: 1800, Flex Strength: 7320, Tensile Lap Shear: 1040, Shrinkage: 0.0%

The J-B Weld Company provides several different products: J-B WELD (original 2-tube epoxy), J-B KWIK (4-hour epoxy), J-B STIK (epoxy putty), WATERWELD (underwater adhesive/filler), and other products.

J-B WELD epoxy

The product J-B WELD is a two-part epoxy adhesive (or filler) that can withstand high-temperature environments. J-B WELD can be used to bond surfaces made from metal, porcelain, wood, ceramic, or glass, plus marble, PVC & ABS, concrete, fiberglass, wood, fabric, or paper. Avoid using alcohol to clean surfaces. J-B WELD is water-proof, petroleum/chemical-resistant (when dry), acid-resistant, plus resists shock, vibration, and extreme temperature fluctuations. J-B WELD can withstand a constant temperature of 260 degrees C (500 degrees F), and the maximum temperature threshold is approximately 315 degrees C (600 degrees F) for 10 minutes. Also, J-B WELD could be used in a microwave oven, in microwave radiation, rather than just infrared radiation (heat).

The product is contained in 2 separate tubes: the “hardener” (red tube) & the “steel” (black tube of resin). Equal amounts are squeezed from both tubes & mixed. For the best weld, surfaces should be roughened (or scratched) with fine or course sandpaper.

The mixture will set up, for handling, within 4-6 hours, but requires 15 hours (at cool temperatures) to fully cure and harden. When first mixed, J-B WELD is subject to sagging or running (slow dripping), more so at warmer temperatures. After about 20 minutes, the mixture begins to thicken for hours, into a putty that can be shaped; but it becomes hard after 4-6 hours. Within 3 hours (in cool temperatures), the putty can be shaped (with a putty knife or wooden paddle) into a weld bead or extruded shape.

J-B WELD works faster when used in an area with a temperature above 50 (10). After J-B WELD has cured for the first six hours, a heat lamp or lightbulb placed near the weld will speed the drying time. An application might sag or drip before 4-6 hours, at which time it has hardened.

J-B WELD can be used as an adhesive, laminate, plug, filler, sealant, or electrical insulator. When fully cured, J-B WELD can be drilled, formed, ground, tapped, machined, sanded, and painted. However, until dry, it could sag or drip when applied.

About alcohol

The JB Weld company advises “DO NOT” use alcohol to clean surfaces. Denatured alcohol (ethanol) acts as a thinner for J-B WELD or epoxy, so it drips more or runs into cracks. However, rubbing alcohol (ethanol+water) should be avoided as a thinner, when it contains water.

J-B KWIK epoxy

The product J-B KWIK is a two-part epoxy adhesive (or filler) that can withstand medium-temperature environments (up to 155 degrees C or 300 F).

Product: JB-KWIK

Type

2-part epoxy

Surfaces:

metal, wood, fiberglass, PVC & ABS, concrete, ceramic, glass, fabric

Avoid:

slick, oily surfaces

Temperature (max)

155 degrees C (300 F)

Set time:

4 minutes

Harden time:

4 hours

Health issues:

Avoid contact with eyes or with skin (wash with soap & water); non-toxic if injested

Removal:

when dry, by filing or rasping

Strength (psi):

tensile strength about half of J-B WELD;

Tensile Strength: 2100, Adhesion: 1800, Flex Strength: 7320, Tensile Lap Shear: 1040, Shrinkage: 0.0%

Because J-B KWIK cures so quickly, it is not as strong or as heat-resistant as the original J-B WELD. However, J-B KWIK has the same adhesion (1800 psi) as J-B WELD, and also does not shrink when drying.

J-B KWIK can be used to bond surfaces made from any combination of iron, steel, copper, aluminum, brass, bronze, pewter, plus porcelain, wood, ceramic, glass, marble, PVC & ABS, concrete, fiberglass, wood, fabric, or paper. J-B KWIK is water-proof, petroleum/chemical-resistant (when dry), acid-resistant, plus resists shock, vibration, and extreme temperature fluctuations.

Notes

^ a b c Name “J-B WELD” is pronounced as “Jay-Bee Weld”.

^ a b c d e f “Radiator Repair: Stock Car Racing magazine”, Sleep Gomez, Automotive.com, 2009, webpage: StockcarR-411.

^ a b c d e f “About J-B WELD Company”, JBWELD.net, 2004, webpage: JBWELD-about.

^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w “J-B Usage Instructions”, JBWELD.net, 2004, webpage: JBWELD-use.

^ a b c d e f g h i j k l “Repair Products UK Ltd: Metal Glue - J-B WELD”, Repair Products UK Ltd, 2009, webpage: RProducts-42.

^ a b c d e f “Frequently Asked Questions”, JBWELD.net, 2004, webpage: JBWELD-faq.

^ “J-B Weld Company - Products Overview”, JBWELD.net, 2004, webpage: JBWELD-products.

^ a b c d e f g “J-B KWIK Product Information”, JBWELD.net, 2009, webpage: JBKWIK.

References

“About J-B WELD Company”, J-B WELD Company, JBWELD.net, 2004, webpage: JBWELD-about.

External links

J-B WELD Company homepage

“J-B Usage Instructions”, JBWELD.net, 2004, webpage: How-to-use-J-B-WELD.

Categories: Adhesives | Privately held companies of the United States

Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from February 2009
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