himfr

Chemical Laboratory Worktop ,

diaq is an engineered stone made by DuPont composed of 93% quartz crystal and 7% acrylic resin, colors and binders. The product is manufactured in DuPont’s Granirex plant in Thetford Mines, Canada. It is used most often as kitchen countertops but also as walls. Its primary advantage is that unlike natural stone products (marble, granite, limestone, wood), Zodiaq is non-porous and does not require a sealant that must be periodically reapplied. Porous products, like granite, are prone to growing molds and staining. The color of Zodiaq is consistent throughout. DuPont offers a 10 year warranty on the installation, (as well as the product itself) if the job is done by a certified fabricator/installer.

External links

DuPont’s Zodiaq websit , granite bathroom vanity top .

Zodiaq in a green kitchen remode , cheap granite countertops .

This material-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories: Brand name materials | DuPont | Materials stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from July 2009

reflective foil radiant insulation ,



Company history

William Herbert “Herb” Schaper was a Minnesotan postman who created, developed, and manufactured a children’s game known as Cootie. After whittling a fishing lure in 1948, he molded the object in plastic, fashioned a game around it, and formed the H. W. Schaper Mfg. Co., Inc. to manufacture and publish the game. In the fall of 1949, the game was launched on the market, and sold through Dayton’s department stores. Schaper sold 5,000 Cootie games by 1950, and over 1.2 million games by 1952.

Schaper Toys manufactured a host other games including the well-known Ants in the Pants and Don’t Break the Ice. Schaper toys was one of the first toy and game manufacturers to extensively use plastic in its products. While most children’s games of the period were made of paper and cardboard, Schaper games were constructed almost solely of plastic.

Schaper Manufacturing operated as the Schaper Toy division of Kusan Inc. in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1986, Schaper Toys was acquired by Tyco Toys, which is now a division of Mattel Inc. In the deal, Tyco sold the rights to four Schaper games including Cootie to Hasbro’s Milton Bradley division. Cootie is manufactured and sold today through Milton Bradley with legs featuring in-line skates, sneakers, and other fanciful accessories.

Selection of games

Schaper Christmas ad, ca. 1952

Dunce

Dunce (1955) is a game for two to four players. Its object is to avoid being the first player to complete a plastic figurine of a boy wearing a dunce cap. Components consist of a stool, a body, a head, a dunce cap and a die. The plastic parts are acquired at the roll of the die beginning with the stool and ending with the cap. The player who completes his figurine first is the loser.

Li’l Stinker

Li’l Stinker (1956) is a game for any number of players ages 4 to 8. The game is similar in concept and play to Old Maid. Components consist of 41 plastic tiles depicting a variety of characters with one tile picturing a skunk. Tiles are paired and discarded until one player loses the game by holding the skunk.

Shake

Shake (1950) is a game of chance for two to four players ages 8 to adult. The object of the games is to complete a row of six numbers in the same line; either straight across, up and down, or diagonal from corner to corner. Components consist of a plastic board, chips, and dice.

Stadium Checker , cork floating flooring .

Stadium Checkers is a race game for two to four players ages 8 to adult. The object of the game is to move one’s five colored marbles from the outer rim of the ’stadium’ to a slot in the center of the board. The game was introduced in 1952. In 2004, the game was republished as Roller Bowl by Winning Moves Games USA. Its original name was restored in 2007 , wood tiles .

Tickle Bee

Tickle Bee (1956) is a physical skill game for one player ages 3 and up. Components consist of a molded plastic maze covered with a clear plastic film, a metal “bee” confined within the maze, and a magnetic wand. The game is won when the bee is guided through the maze without touching the tip of the wand.

References

^ a b c Heenpin History Museum: Objects:Dolls & Toys. Retrieved 31 October 2008.

^ a b c d Walsh,Tim. Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them. Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2005. ISBN 978-0740755712.

^ Levi, Paul (November 28, 1998). “Can’t shake this bug”. Minneapolis Star-Tribune (HighBeam). http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62570178.html.

^ Crowley,Ellen T. and Donna J. Wood. Trade Names Dictionary. Gale Research, 1974. ISBN 978-0810306967.

^ “Hasbro has Cooties, but doesn’t seem to mind”. The Chicago Sun-Times (HighBeam). September 26, 1986. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3787239.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-01.

^ Orbanes,Philip. The Game Makers: The Story of Parker Brothers from Tiddledy Winks to Trivial Pursuit. Harvard Business Press, 2004. ISBN 1591392691.

^ Dunce: How to Play. Schaper, 1955.

^ Li’l Stinker: How to Play. Schaper, 1956.

^ Shake: How to Play. Schaper, 1950.

^ Chertoff, Nina and Susan Kahn. Celebrating Board Games. Sterling Publishing, 2006. p. 42.

^ Tickle Bee: How to Play. Schaper, 1956.

External links

CPSC (April 20, 1988). Repair Offered For Schaper Manufacturing Co. “Speed Wheels” Riding Toy. Press release. http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml88/88023.html.

v d e

Schaper Games

Ants in the Pants (1969) Circus Time Cootie (1949) Don’t Break the Ice (1968) Don’t Spill the Beans (1967) Dunce (1955)

Guess’n Bee Hispaniola Huff ‘n Puff (1968) Inch Worm King of the Hill Li’l Stinker The Mill Game Shake (1950) Scarecrow (1952)

Skunk Squares Stadium Checkers (1952) Tickle Bee (1956) Tiddle Tac Toe Toll Car Tumble Bug

Categories: Companies established in 1949 | Companies based in Minneapolis, Minnesota | Defunct manufacturing companies of the United States | Toy companies of the United States | Companies disestablished in 1986 | Defunct companies based in Minnesota

Oleoresin Coriander Lemon Mint Mace Turmeric Palmarosa Fen ,

petrochemical refinery in Grangemouth, Scotland.

Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries.

According to crude oil composition and demand, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. Largest share of oil products is used as energy carriers: various grades of fuel oil and gasoline. Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials. Since petroleum often contains a couple of percent sulfur, large quantities of sulfur are also often produced as a petroleum product. Hydrogen and carbon in the form of petroleum coke may also be produced as petroleum products. The hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as hydrogen catalytic cracking (hydrocracking) and hydrodesulfurization.

Major products of oil refineries

Asphalt

Diesel fuel

Fuel oils

Gasoline

Kerosene

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

Lubricating oil , ipod nano white .

Paraffin wa , air freshener oil .

Ta , cocoa liquor .

Petrochemicals (see discussion at end of next section , fragrance lamp oil .

Specialty end products

Oil refineries will blend various feedstocks, mix appropriate additives, provide short term storage, and prepare for bulk loading to trucks, barges, product ships, and railcars.

Gaseous fuels such as propane, stored and shipped in liquid form under pressure in specialized railcars to distributors.

Liquid fuels blending (producing automotive and aviation grades of gasoline, kerosene, various aviation turbine fuels, and diesel fuels, adding dyes, detergents, antiknock additives, oxygenates, and anti-fungal compounds as required). Shipped by barge, rail, and tanker ship. May be shipped regionally in dedicated pipelines to point consumers, particularly aviation jet fuel to major airports, or piped to distributors in multi-product pipelines using product separators called pipeline inspection gauges (“pigs”).

Lubricants (produces light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, adding viscosity stabilizers as required), usually shipped in bulk to an offsite packaging plant.

Wax (paraffin), used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others. May be shipped in bulk to a site to prepare as packaged blocks.

Sulfur (or sulfuric acid), byproducts of sulfur removal from petroleum which may have up to a couple percent sulfur as organic sulfur-containing compounds. Sulfur and sulfuric acid are useful industrial materials. Sulfuric acid is usually prepared and shipped as the acid precursor oleum.

Bulk tar shipping for offsite unit packaging for use in tar-and-gravel roofing or similar uses.

Asphalt - used as a binder for gravel to form asphalt concrete, which is used for paving roads, lots, etc. An asphalt unit prepares bulk asphalt for shipment.

Petroleum coke, used in specialty carbon products such as certain types of electrodes, or as solid fuel.

Petrochemicals or petrochemical feedstocks, which are often sent to petrochemical plants for further processing in a variety of ways. The petrochemicals may be olefins or their precursors, or various types of aromatic petrochemicals.

Petrochemicals have a vast variety of uses. They are commonly used as monomers or feedstocks for monomer production. Olefins such as alpha-olefins and dienes are often used as monomers, although aromatics can also be used as monomer precursors. The monomers are then polymerized in various ways to form polymers. Polymer materials can be used as plastics, elastomers, or fibers, or possibly some intermediate form of these material types. Some polymers are also used as gels or lubricants. Petrochemicals can also be used as solvents or as feedstock for producing solvents. Petrochemicals can also be used as precursors for a wide variety of chemicals and substances such as vehicle fluids, surfactants for cleaners, etc.

See also

Lanolin - lanolin based products are a natural alternative to toxic petro-chemical sprays and degreasers

Categories: Petroleum | Petroleum products | Hydrogen production

Dehydrated Sauces & Vegetables ,



The background

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009)

Generally, alcohol and tobacco taxes are lower in France than in Britain, and it can make economic sense for people to buy their supplies of wine, beer, spirits and tobacco in bulk in France instead of Britain. There is keen competition between ferry operators and the Channel Tunnel Eurotunnel Shuttle, so day fares to Calais, normally around 60 per vehicle, are sometimes discounted to as little as 10 at off-peak times, while beer often costs little more than half the English shop price. At worst, the savings defray the cost of a day out.

Serving this market has become big business around the major ferry ports of Calais, Boulogne and Dunkirk in France and Ostend in Belgium. Even longer routes from Cherbourg, Normandy and Brittany generate business, boosted by ferries from Ireland where alcohol duties are even higher. The exit route from Calais ferry port passes several large warehouse retailers, English-owned, that serve the market, and some large British supermarket chains have alcohol-only branches selling bottles identical to those in Britain, but at deep discounts. The French have opened an enormous shopping precinct adjacent to the Channel Tunnel (Cit-Europe) that attracts large numbers of British shoppers.

Following large increases in tobacco duty in France, it is now very common for smokers to make a detour to the small town of Adinkerke just over the border in Belgium, where tobacco duty is lower. Many people intending to purchase mainly tobacco products opt for the revitalised service from Dover to Dunkirk, as Dunkirk is much closer to the Belgian border than Calais, and the ferries on this route are slightly more ’smoker-friendly’. Some buying both tobacco and alcohol make a triangular journey (Dover - Dunkirk - Calais - Dover or vice versa).

It is important to differentiate between Booze Cruisers, (who purchase and transport goods legally) and professional smugglers, who often have criminal motives. Genuine Booze Cruisers are often people ‘on a budget’, who simply opt to purchase their own personal supplies from ‘Shop A’ (in France or Belgium) at lower prices than offered at ‘Shop B’ (in Britain). Booze Cruisers normally travel as a family or group of friends, and often take the opportunity to generally have a ‘day out’ in France and indulge in recreational ‘channel shopping’ for French produce and unfamiliar foods, clothing and other goods while they are there. In addition to alcohol and tobacco, many other items, including mundane household items such as washing powder and cooking oil are much cheaper in France than the UK.

The cost of getting to France fluctuates due to season and fuel surcharges, but fares for foot passengers remain low. Calais in particular is very well-served by public transport, with the ferry companies also providing a shuttle bus from the ferry terminal to the town centre and (by request) the bus interchange at the SNCF railway station.

French tobacco duties have also risen, reducing further the economic advantage of a “booze cruise”. Unless one is close to the Channel ports, it’s unlikely to be financially beneficial. The motivation is changing, therefore, from purely economic to leisure and variety of choice. Originally alcohol purchases on board the ferry had the additional attraction of being duty free, adding a secondary meaning to booze cruise.

Economic impacts

As with many activities, there are winners and losers, arguing for and against change.

The current situation benefits individuals living close to the English south coast who retain an economic advantage by shopping in France. It benefits the entrepreneurs who have businesses around the French ports dependent upon bulk purchases and also other local businesses that benefit from passing trade. The Calais area suffers high unemployment (around 20%) and benefits from the service jobs created by the influx of English day-trippers. The ferry and tunnel operators also benefit from the extra traffic, in a situation that might otherwise be over-supplied.

On the downside, UK taxes (especially on tobacco) seem to have risen beyond the point of diminishing returns, so the British Exchequer loses substantial revenue that might otherwise have been collected to the economies of France and Belgium. Shops (particularly in the English South-East) also report that their trade suffers because taxes make their prices uncompetitive with both legal and illegal imports.

French law limiting the transport of tobacco

A recent French law has effectively outlawed tobacco tourism which uses France either as a destination or as a route. Under pressure from the tobacco sellers interest group, les bureaux de tabac, and despite the resistance of the French Government, the French Parliament has enacted a law that makes it illegal to transport more than 200 cigarettes whilst in French territory : fines and confiscation are sanctions if a person is found to be in possession of more than 200 cigarettes whilst traveling through/in France. The law is designed to prevent French citizens buying tobacco in Belgium and Luxembourg. Following recent tax increases in France it has become more attractive for French citizens to buy tobacco in Belgium and Luxembourg. The law also applies to citizens of other European countries traveling through France with more than 200 cigarettes in their possession. There is a suggestion that the law is incompatible with European Commission directives which demand freedom of movement and goods, for personal use, across the borders of European Union countries excluding specifically named “new member states”.

Legal Issues and UK Custom , noodle sauce .

EU Directive 92/12 Article 8 states: “As regards products acquired by private individuals for their own use and transported by them… excise duty shall be charged in the member state in which they are acquired” , mobil jet oil .

In answer to a legal challenge; a European Court of Justice ruling on 23 November 2006 surprisingly overturned their own Advocate-General’s advice and reconfirmed that: “only products acquired and transported personally by private individuals are exempt from excise duty in the member state of importation” , yellow and brown .

This ruling effectively thwarted the hoped-for option of ordering goods (particularly tobacco), via Internet, from low duty states in the European Union and having them posted to a United Kingdom address, causing discussion in the British media about how a supposed ‘Free Trade Area’ seems to work for the benefit of some but not others , cooking oils .

The current position is: people may personally bring into Britain with them unlimited amounts of alcohol and/or tobacco from another EU member state, provided that they have been legally purchased (with the relevant local rate of duty paid) in the member state of origin, and are for either personal consumption, or as a genuine gift to another. Importing goods for resale at a profit, or even ‘not for profit’ proxy purchases on behalf of non-travelling third parties is not permitted.

Although fully aware of this, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), faced with widespread abuse by smugglers, impose ‘guidelines’ - limits based on what they are prepared to believe are reasonable amounts for personal consumption (nominally six months’ supply). Most travellers are unaffected, but there are instances of infrequent trippers forward-buying large supplies of (for example) their favourite brand of cigarette, and falling foul of the ‘limits’ intended to deal with professional smugglers.

HMRC have the legal right to stop and search any vehicle. As their main duty is to detect ’smuggled’ goods (and other far more sinister imports), they can (and usually do) use their own common sense regarding unconcealed (i.e. openly-carried) goods above their ‘limits’, if they are happy that the goods are genuinely for personal consumption. Generally, suspicion will only be aroused if the goods start to look less like a ‘personal’ hoard, and more like a commercial operation. For example: importing more different brands of tobacco products than there are adult travellers in the vehicle arouses particular suspicion, as most smokers tend to remain loyal to one particular brand. However, there have been reported cases of more extreme treatment (especially where people have unnecessarily concealed extra goods in vehicle cavities, spare wheel wells etc.), with family cars and contents being confiscated on the spot and the travellers left stranded at Dover in the dead of night. This has led to legal challenges to the powers of HMRC, citing the heavy-handedness and inconsistency of some actions, and their dubious legality under European law.

In popular culture

The UK ITV comedy drama The Booze Cruise featured the antics of a group of men from England going on a booze cruise.

The US TV series The Office had an episode entitled Booze Cruise.

Other meanings

The term ‘Booze Cruise’ is used internationally to refer to a pleasure cruise on a passenger vessel, where the main objective is drinking in pleasant surroundings.

In Southern California beach cities ooze cruise is often associated with groups of young people riding beach cruiser bicycles doing a pub crawl.

See also

Rip-Off Britain

Border trade

External links

day-tripper.net InfoSite highlighting disputes with HMRC (Emphasis on tobacco, includes Belgium)

booze-cruise.net - InfoSite: Emphasis on French wine stores, no…

Super Steam Oven ,



Classification

Varieties of soybeans are used for many purposes.

The genus name Glycine was originally introduced by Carl Linnaeus (1737) in his first edition of Genera Plantarum. The word glycine is derived from the Greek - glykys (sweet) and likely refers to the sweetness of the pear-shaped (apios in Greek) edible tubers produced by the native North American twining or climbing herbaceous legume, Glycine apios, now known as Apios americana. The cultivated soybean first appeared in Species Plantarum, by Linnaeus, under the name Phaseolus max L. The combination Glycine max (L.) Merr., as proposed by Merrill in 1917, has become the valid name for this useful plant.

The genus Glycine Willd. is divided into two subgenera, Glycine and Soja. The subgenus Soja (Moench)F.J. Herm. includes the cultivated soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., and the wild soybean, Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc. Both species are annual. Glycine soja is the wild ancestor of Glycine max and grows wild in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Russia. The subgenus Glycine consists of at least 16 wild perennial species: for example, Glycine canescens F.J.Herm. and G. tomentella Hayata, both found in Australia and Papua New Guinea.

Like some other crops of long domestication, the relationship of the modern soybean to wild-growing species can no longer be traced with any degree of certainty. It is a cultural variety with a very large number of cultivars , aroma therapy oil .

Description and physical characteristic , hyper white .

Soy varies in growth, habit, and height. It may grow not higher than 20 cm (7.8 inches), or grow up to 2 meters (6.5 feet) high , basil essential oil .

The pods, stems, and leaves are covered with fine brown or gray hairs. The leaves are trifoliolate, having 3 to 4 leaflets per leaf, and the leaflets are 615 cm (26 inches) long and 27 cm (13 inches) broad. The leaves fall before the seeds are mature. The inconspicuous, self-fertile flowers are borne in the axil of the leaf and are white, pink or purple , coffee oil .

Small, purple soybean flowers.

The fruit is a hairy pod that grows in clusters of 35, each pod is 38 cm long(13 inches) and usually contains 24 (rarely more) seeds 511 mm in diameter.

Soybeans occur in various sizes, and in many hull or seed coat colors, including black, brown, blue, yellow, green and mottled. The hull of the mature bean is hard, water resistant, and protects the cotyledon and hypocotyl (or “germ”) from damage. If the seed coat is cracked, the seed will not germinate. The scar, visible on the seed coat, is called the hilum (colors include black, brown, buff, gray and yellow) and at one end of the hilum is the micropyle, or small opening in the seed coat which can allow the absorption of water for sprouting.

Remarkably, seeds such as soybeans containing very high levels of protein can undergo desiccation yet survive and revive after water absorption. A. Carl Leopold, son of Aldo Leopold, began studying this capability at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University in the mid 1980s. He found soybeans and corn to have a range of soluble carbohydrates protecting the seed’s cell viability. Patents were awarded to him in the early 1990s on techniques for protecting “biological membranes” and proteins in the dry state. Compare to tardigrades.

Chemical composition of the seed

Soybean, mature seeds, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 450 kcal 1870 kJ

Carbohydrates

30.16 g

- Sugars 7.33 g

- Dietary fiber 9.3 g

Fat

19.94 g

- saturated 2.884 g

- monounsaturated 4.404 g

- polyunsaturated 11.255 g

Protein

36.49 g

Water

8.54 g

Vitamin A equiv. 1 g

0%

Vitamin B6 0.377 mg

29%

Vitamin B12 0 g

0%

Vitamin C 6.0 mg

10%

Vitamin K 47 g

45%

Calcium 277 mg

28%

Iron 15.70 mg

126%

Magnesium 280 mg

76%

Phosphorus 704 mg

101%

Potassium 1797 mg

38%

Sodium 2 mg

0%

Zinc 4.89 mg

49%

Percentages are relative to US

recommendations for adults.

Source: USDA Nutrient database

Together, oil and protein content account for about 60% of dry soybeans by weight; protein at 40% and oil at 20%. The remainder consists of 35% carbohydrate and about 5% ash. Soybean cultivars comprise approximately 8% seed coat or hull, 90% cotyledons and 2% hypocotyl axis or germ.

The majority of soy protein is a relatively heat-stable storage protein. This heat stability enables soy food products requiring high temperature cooking, such as tofu, soymilk and textured vegetable protein (soy flour) to be made.

The principal soluble carbohydrates of mature soybeans are the disaccharide sucrose (range 2.58.2%), the trisaccharide raffinose (0.11.0%) composed of one sucrose molecule connected to one molecule of galactose, and the tetrasaccharide stachyose (1.4 to 4.1%) composed of one sucrose connected to two molecules of galactose. While the oligosaccharides raffinose and stachyose protect the viability of the soy bean seed from desiccation (see above section on physical characteristics) they are not digestible sugars and therefore contribute to flatulence and abdominal discomfort in humans and other monogastric animals; compare to the disaccharide trehalose. Undigested oligosaccharides are broken down in the intestine by native microbes producing gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane

Since soluble soy carbohydrates are found in the whey and are broken down during fermentation, soy concentrate, soy protein isolates, tofu, soy sauce, and sprouted soy beans are without flatus activity. On the other hand, there may be some beneficial effects to ingesting oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose, namely, encouraging indigenous bifidobacteria in the colon against putrefactive bacteria.

The insoluble carbohydrates in soybeans consist of the complex polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. The majority of soybean carbohydrates can be classed as belonging to dietary fiber.

Nutrition

Further information: Soy protein

For human consumption, soybeans must be cooked with “wet” heat in order to destroy the trypsin inhibitors{serine protease inhibitors}. It is not advisable to eat raw soybeans.

Soybeans are considered by many agencies to be a source of complete protein. A complete protein is one that contains significant amounts of all the essential amino acids that must be provided to the human body because of the body’s inability to synthesize them. For this reason, soy is a good source of protein, amongst many others, for vegetarians and vegans or for people who cannot afford meat. According to the US Food and Drug Administration:

Soy protein products can be good substitutes for animal products because, unlike some other beans, soy offers a ‘complete’ protein profile. … Soy protein products can replace animal-based foodshich also have complete proteins but tend to contain more fat, especially saturated fatithout requiring major adjustments elsewhere in the diet.

However, as with many dietary health claims, there are opposing viewpoints on the health benefits of soybeans.

The gold standard for measuring protein quality, since 1990, is the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) and by this criterion soy protein is the nutritional equivalent of meat and eggs for human growth and health. Soybean protein isolate has a biological value of 74, whole soybeans 96, soybean milk 91, and eggs 97.

Soy protein is essentially identical to that of other legume seeds. Moreover, it has the highest yield per square meter of growing area, and is the least expensive source of dietary protein.[citation needed]

Consumption of soy may also reduce the risk of colon cancer, possibly due to the presence of sphingolipids.

Cultivation

Soybean output in 2005

Top Soybean Producers

in 2006

(million metric tons)

United States

87.7

Brazil

52.4

Argentina

40.4

China

15.5

India

8.3

Paraguay

3.8

Canada

3.5

Bolivia

1.4

World Total

221.5

Source:

UN Food & Agriculture Organisation

(FAO)

Soybeans are an important global crop, providing oil and protein. In the United States, the bulk of the crop is solvent-extracted with hexane for vegetable oil and then the “toasted” defatted soymeal (50% protein) makes possible raising of farm animals (eg. chicken, hog, turkey), on an industrial scale never before seen in human history and harking back to the 1930s American promise of a “Chicken in every pot.” A very small proportion of the crop is consumed directly by humans. Soybean products do appear in a large variety of processed foods.

During World War II, soybeans became important in both North America and Europe chiefly as substitutes for other protein foods and as a source of edible oil. It was during World War II that the soybean was discovered as fertilizer by the United States Department of Agriculture. In the 1960-1 Dillion round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the United States secured tariff-free access for its soybeans in the European market. In the 1960s…

Yellow Pine Bamboo Salt ,

www.lucenacity.gov.ph

The City of Lucena (Filipino: Lungsod ng Lucena) is a first class highly urbanized medium sized city in the province of Quezon, Philippines. It is the capital city of Quezon and belongs to the 25 most competitive cities of the Philippines. According to the 2007 census, it has a population of 236,390 people in 45,902 households. Nearby towns of Lucena are Pagbilao (east), Tayabas (north) and Sariaya (west).

Contents

1 History

2 Geography

3 Governmen , essentials oils .

3.1 Barangay , popcorn oil .

4 Economic Activitie , brent crude oil .

5 Dining Establishment , groundnut oil .

6 Transportation

7 Educational Facilities

8 Hospitals of Lucena

9 External links

//

History

Lucena City was originally a barrio of Tayabas town, then the capital of the Province of Tayabas (now Quezon) which was explored by Captain Juan de Salcedo in 1571 & 1572. The town was founded by the Franciscan fathers, Juan de Plasencia & Diego de Oropesa between 1580 & 1583.

It was then called by the Spaniards “Buenavista” (beautiful scenic spots) because of its scenic beauty.

It was then changed to “Oroquieta” in honor of the Spanish Gov-Gen. Oroquieta. In the 17th Century it was changed to “Cotta” meaning a strong fort because forts or cottas were built to defend it from Muslim piratical raids. Spanish records mention the existence of cottas (Tagalog: kuta) along the coast of Lucena, particularly in Cotta itself and in the Barrio of Mayao, though these structures are no longer extant. Finally, on November 5, 1897, pursuant to an Orden Real Superior Civil, the community was named “Lucena.” It became an independent municipality on June 1, 1882, coinciding with the growth of local maritime trade facilitated in the Cotta port and with the final defeat of Moro pirates plying the Luzon and Visayan waters.

Popular knowledge attribute the origin of the name “Lucena” to the town of Lucena, Andalucia where the late Reverend Mariano Granja, the Franciscan pioneer parish priest was said to have earlier served (some even say that he was from this town). But according to the monumental work (Catalogo Biografico de los Religiosos Franciscanos de la Provincia de San Gregorio Magno de Filipinas), of a fellow Franciscan, Eusebio Gomez Platero, Fr. Granja was born in Paredes de Nava, diocese of Palencia, distant from Andalucia. Records also show that he had no previous post as priest of Lucena, Andalucia.

During the Philippine Revolution of 1896, the captain municipal of Lucena, Jose Zaballero, led the local revolutionaries. The local revolutionary government was organized by Manuel Argelles, with Jos Barcelona as president. After the declaration of Philippine Independence, Gen. Malvar took over Tayabas Province on Aug. 15, 1898. Don Crisanto Marquez was elected municipal president during the first elections.

Lucena was the site of bloody struggles at the outbreak of the Filipino-American War in 1899. Upon the establishment of a civil government in the Province of Tayabas by the Americans on March 12, 1901, Lucena was made capital of the province after a bitter debate between Tayabas-born and Lucena-based officials. The decision to make Lucena as capital was primarily based on its strategic location. Unlike the former capital town (Tayabas), Lucena has access to the sea.

During WW II, Lucena was not spared at the hands of the Japanese who occupied the city on Dec. 27, 1941. Fortunately however, the city was not devastated by the war. The Hunter ROTC guerillas succeeded in driving out the Japanese on January 25, 1945 and consequently, Quezon Province was liberated by joint Filipino & American troops on April 4, 1945.

On June 17, 1961 by virtue of Republic Act No. 3271, sponsored by Cong. Manuel S. Enverga & Cong. Pascual Espinosa, Lucena became a chartered city. The City of Lucena was inaugurated on Aug. 20, 1962 after the occasion of the 84th birth anniversary of the late Pres. Manuel L. Quezon during Aug. 19.

Today Lucena is home to a population of 220,834 people (as of 2005) and is flourishing as an urban community and planning to build an Economic Zone.

Geography

The city proper is wedged between two rivers, Dumacaa River on the east and Iyam River on the west. Seven other rivers and six creeks serve as natural drainage for the city. Its port on the coast along Tayabas Bay is home to several boat and ferry lines operating and serving the sea lanes between Lucena and the different points in the region and as far as the Visayas.

There exists a Lucena Airport, but no commercial flights come to the city. Light aircraft can, however, make use of the facilities.

Being the provincial capital, Lucena is host to most of the branches of governmental agencies, businesses, banks and service facilities in the Southern Tagalog region.

Government

Although Lucena City is a highly-urbanized city, its charter permits its citizens to vote for provincial elective officials (provincial governor, vice governor, and board ).

Barangays

Lucena is politically subdivided into 33 barangays.

Barangay

Urban/Rural

2007 Population

Barangay 1 (Pob.)

Urban

3,564

Barangay 2 (Pob.)

Urban

2,044

Barangay 3 (Pob.)

Urban

1,432

Barangay 4 (Pob.)

Urban

3,761

Barangay 5 (Pob.)

Urban

3,350

Barangay 6 (Pob.)

Urban

834

Barangay 7 (Pob.)

Urban

2,413

Barangay 8 (Pob.)

Urban

4,060

Barangay 9 (Pob.)

Urban

4,706

Barangay 10 (Pob.)

Urban

5,094

Barangay 11 (Pob.)

Urban

1,548

Barra

Urban

3891

Bocohan

Urban

4,279

Mayao Castillo

Urban

2,734

Cotta

Urban

19,596

Gulang-Gulang

Urban

26,550

Dalahican

Urban

21,302

Domoit

Urban

3,468

Ibabang Dupay

Urban

25,355

Ibabang Iyam

Urban

22,753

Ibabang Talim

Urban

2,878

Ilayang Dupay

Urban

1,723

Ilayang Iyam

Urban

11,914

Ilayang Talim

Urban

1,508

Isabang

Urban

9,676

Mayao Crossing

Urban

8,904

Mayao Kanluran

Urban

8,243

Mayao Parada

Urban

3,100

Mayao Silangan

Urban

7,969

Ransohan

Urban

1,451

Salinas

Urban

1,445

Talao-Talao

Urban

3,125

Market View

Urban

11,720

Economic Activities

Economic activities in Lucena are heavily concentrated in the poblacion and other sub-urban barangays where the highly densed and constricted Central Business District (CBD) is home to a large cluster of different business enterprises. As population grows in tandem with new and promising business prospects, business activities spill over adjoining barangays, thus forming mini satellite commercial areas.

Other commercial strips are located at 10 suburban barangays where both retail and wholesale trade, including other essential services, are being engaged in. Big commercial depots and warehouses in these suburban barangays do business in sales, distribution, and transport of assorted business products in bulk.

Of the total 8,316.90 hectare land area of Lucena City, 19 percent or 1,651.77 hectares cover the existing built up area. Almost 3% of this or 46.62 hectares cover the industrial section, located in different barangays of the city. These areas are home to significant industrial and manufacturing activities.

Industry in Lucena produces a sustainable amount of agro-industrial based products, dried and smoked fish, distilled liquors, bamboo and rattan furniture, ornamental flowers/plants, vegetable as well as meat products.

Nestled amidst a wide expanse of coconut lands, Lucena has coconut oil mills which produce oil-based household products like cooking oil, soap, lard, margarine, and oil based medicines.The well known JnJ Oil, Exora cooking oil and Vegetable lard, Miyami Cooking Oil are proudly made in this city.[citation needed] Car assembly/manufacturing plants have also established in the city turning out quality vehicles and accessories while Manila-based car shops are starting to put up some branches.

Road network provides access from all key cities and towns in the island of Luzon to this highly urbanized capital. Well-paved radial and by-pass routes criss-crossing in and out of the city facilitate the transport of unlimited assortment of merchandise, supplies, and raw materials to and from the city on a round-the-clock basis.

Over the years, it was observed that a growing number of visitors from other places come to Lucena. Travelers of various types and sizes are drawn to Lucena because of modern facilities and good amenities that could be found in the city such as Quezon Convention Center, Kalilayan Civic Centre, Sentro Pastoral Auditorium, Alcala Sports Complex a two time host of a Palarong Pambansa, Manuel S. Enverga Gymnasium, and Sacred Heart College Gym and Marcial Punzalan Gymnasium

Dining Establishments

Lucena has several notable restaurants found all over the city. Some of the city prominent restaurants include Buddy’s Restaurant which stands at the corner of Quezon Avenue and L Guinto Street, Apple & Peach Restaurant along the Maharlika Highway in Barangay Kanlurang Mayao, Zymurgy Cafe & Lounge on Bonifacio Street, Hacienda Inn Restaurant along Quezon Avenue,…

Sorry! (Sleeve) ,



Early life and political debut

Pompey’s father, Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo was a wealthy landed Italian provincial from Picenum, one of the “new men” whose influence would increasingly dominate Roman politics in the Late Republic. Pompeius Strabo ascended the traditional cursus honorum, becoming quaestor in 104 BC, praetor in 92 BC and consul in 89 BC, and acquired a reputation for greed, political double-dealing and military ruthlessness. He died in 87 BC, either struck by lightning, or as a casualty of pandemic plague, or possibly both, during the first Marian-Sullan war. In Plutarch’s account, his body was dragged from its bier by the mob. His nineteen year old son Pompey inherited his estates and apparently, the loyalty of his legions.

Pompey the Great. Marble bust in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, Denmark

Pompey had seen two years military service under his father’s command, and had been involved in the final acts of the Marsic Social War against the Italians. For the next few years, the Marian party had possession of Italy.[citation needed] Pompey, as an optimas, was obliged to keep a low profile. He returned to Rome, was prosecuted for misappropriation of plunder but quickly acquitted. His acquittal was certainly helped by the fact that he was betrothed to the judge’s daughter, Antistia.[citation needed] In 83BC, Sulla returned from Greece, and Pompey raised three Picinean legions in his support against the Marian regime of Gnaeus Papirius Carbo When Pompey, displaying great military abilities in opposing the Marian generals who surrounded him, succeeded in joining Sulla via a cocktail of blackmail and arrogance, Sulla was also the first to refer to him as Magnus; however, it is believed this was done in jest, and Pompeius used the title only later in his career.[citation needed] This political alliance boosted Pompey’s career greatly and Sulla, now the Dictator in absolute control of the Roman world, persuaded Pompey to divorce his wife and marry his young stepdaughter Aemilia Scaura, who was pregnant by her first husband (Sulla forced their divorce because the husband had criticized him), in order to bind his young ally more closely to him.[citation needed] After marrying Pompey however, Aemilia died giving birth to the child.

Sicily and Afric , api oil .

Although disqualified as a young privatus from the cursus honorem, Pompey was very rich and a general in control of three veteran legions. For the remainder of the war in Italy, Pompey distinguished himself as one of the most successful of Sulla’s generals. With the war in Italy over, Sulla sent Pompey against the Marian party, first in Sicily and then in Africa.[citation needed , distillation oil .

In 82BC, Pompey secured Sicily, guaranteeing Rome's grain supply. He executed Gnaeus Papirius Carbo and his supporters out of hand, which may have led to his dubbing as the adulescens carnifex (adolescent butcher). In 81 BC he moved on to the Roman province of Africa, where he defeated Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and the Numidian king Hiarbas, after a hard-fought battle.[citation needed , sesame seed oil .

For this string of unbroken victories, Pompey was proclaimed Imperator by his troops on the field in Africa. He returned to Rome in the same year, and was enthusiastically received by the people and was greeted by Sulla with the cognomen Magnus (meaning "the Great") with most commentators suspecting that Sulla gave it as a cruel and ironic joke; it was some time before Pompey made widespread use of it.[citation needed , vegtable oil .

Pompey demanded a triumph for his African victories, which Sulla at first refused; Pompey himself refused to disband his legions and appeared with his demand at the gates of Rome where Sulla gave in.[citation needed] However, in an act calculated to cut Pompey down to size, Sulla had his own triumph first, then allowed Metellus Pius to triumph, relegating Pompey to third place in a quick succession of triumphs, on the assumption that Rome would become bored by the third one.[citation needed] Accordingly, Pompey attempted to enter Rome in triumph towed by an elephant. As it happened, it would not fit through the gate and some hasty re-planning was needed, much to the embarrassment of Pompey and amusement of those present.[citation needed]

Quintus Sertorius and Spartacus

Bust of Pompey in the Residenz, Munich.

Pompey’s reputation for military genius and occasional bad judgmentReputed by?[citation needed] continued when, after suppressing the revolt by Lepidus (whom he had initially supported for consul, against Sulla’s wishes), he demanded proconsular imperium (although he had not yet served as Consul) to go to Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal) to fight against Quintus Sertorius, a Marian general. The aristocracy, however, now beginning to fear the young and successful general, was reluctant to provide him with the needed authority. Pompey countered by refusing to disband his legions until his request was granted.[citation needed] However, in Hispania, Sertorius had for the last three years successfully opposed Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, one of the ablest of Sulla’s generals, and ultimately it became necessary to send the latter some effectual assistance. As a result, the Senate, with considerable lack of enthusiasm, determined to send Pompey to Hispania against Sertorius, with the title of proconsul, and with equal powers to Metellus.[citation needed]

Pompey remained in Hispania between five and six years 7671 BC; but neither he nor Metellus was able to achieve a clean victory or gain any decisive advantage on the battlefield over Sertorius. But when Sertorius was treacherously murdered by his own officer Marcus Perperna Vento in 72, the war was speedily brought to a close.[citation needed] Perperna was easily defeated by Pompey in their first battle, and the whole of Hispania was subdued by the early part of the following year 71.[citation needed]

In the months after Sertorius’ death, however, Pompey revealed one of his most significant talents: a genius for the organization and administration of a conquered province. Fair and generous terms extended his patronage throughout Hispania and into southern Gaul.[citation needed] While Crassus was facing Spartacus late in the Third Servile War in 71 BC, Pompey returned to Italy with his army. In his march toward Rome he came upon the remains of the army of Spartacus and captured five thousand Spartacani who had survived Crassus and were attempting to flee. Pompey cut these fugitives to pieces, and therefore claimed for himself, in addition to all his other exploits, the glory of finishing the revolt. His attempt to take credit for ending the Servile war infuriated Crassus.[citation needed]

Disgruntled opponents, especially Crassus, said he was developing a talent for showing up late in a campaign and taking all the glory for its successful conclusion.[citation needed] This growing enmity between Crassus and Pompey would not be resolved for over a decade. Back in Rome, Pompey was now a candidate for the consulship; although he was ineligible by law, inasmuch as he was absent from Rome, had not yet reached the legal age, and had not held any of the lower offices of the state, still his election was certain. Pompey’s admirers saw him as the most brilliant general of the age; as it was known that the aristocracy looked upon Pompey with jealousy, many people ceased to regard him as belonging to this party and hoped to obtain, through him, a restoration of the rights and privileges of which they had been deprived by Sulla.[citation needed]

On December 31, 71 BC, entered the city of Rome in his triumphal car, a simple eques, celebrating his second extralegal triumph for the victories in Hispania. In 71 BC, at only 35 years of age Pompey was elected Consul for the first time, serving in 70 BC as partner of Crassus, with the overwhelming support of the Roman population. This was an extraordinary measure: never before had a man been elevated from privatus to Consul in one swift move such as this. Pompeius, not even a member of the Senate, was never forgiven by most of Rome’s noblemen, especially the boni for forcing that body to accept his nomination in the elections.

Rome’s new frontier on the East

In his consulship (70 BC), Pompey openly broke with the aristocracy and became the great popular hero. By 69 BC, Pompey was the darling of the Roman masses, although many Optimates were deeply suspicious of his intentions. He proposed and carried a law restoring to the tribunes the power of which they had been deprived by Sulla. He also afforded his powerful aid to the Lex Aurelia, proposed by the praetor Lucius Aurelius Cotta, by which the judices were to be taken in future from the senatus, equites, and tribuni aerarii, instead of from the senators exclusively, as Sulla had ordained. In carrying both these measures Pompey was strongly supported by Caesar, with whom he was thus brought into close connection. For the next two years (69 and 68 BC) Pompey remained in Rome. His primacy in the State was enhanced by two extraordinary proconsular commands, unprecedented in Roman history.

Campaign against the pirates

Main article: Lex Gabinia

Pompey on a coin by his son Sextus Pompeius.

In 67 BC, two years after his consulship, Pompey was nominated commander of a special naval task force to campaign against the pirates that menaced the Mediterranean Sea. This command, like everything else in Pompey’s life, was surrounded with polemic. The conservative faction of the Senate was most suspicious of his…

melamine Vinegar small dish ,



Manufacturing process

TVP is made through a process known as “extrusion cooking”. A dough is formed from high PDI (Protein Dispersibility Index) defatted soy flour and water in a “preconditioner” (mixing cylinder) and cooked during passage through the barrel of a screw type extruder such as an Insta-Pro or Wenger model. Sometimes steam from an external source is employed to aid in the cooking process.

Upon exiting the die, superheated steam escapes, rapidly producing an expanded, spongy yet fibrous lamination of thermoplastic soy flour which takes on the various shapes of the die as it is sliced into granules, flakes, chunks, goulash, steakettes (schnitzel), etc. by revolving knives, and then dried in an oven.

Textured vegetable protein was patented in three parts; a process patent, a product patent and a use patent. A.E. Staley corporation held the use patent and Ralston Purina corporation held the process patent. All of these patents have expired or have been held inapplicable to current use.

Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) held the product patent and trademarked the trade name TVP. The trade name TSP for textured soy protein is trademarked and held by Legacy Foods, LLC. ADM’s ownership came from work by William Thomas Atkinson. The U.S. federal trademark registration for TVP is still valid. However, the widespread use of the term TVP for this type of foodstuff could lead to the destruction of the registration on the basis that the term has become a Genericized trademark.

Several manufacturers world wide now manufacture and sell extruded “textured” soy protein marketed under a wide array of trade names.

Properties

TVP made from soy flour contains 50% soy protein and needs to be rehydrated before use, at a weight ratio of 1:2 with water. However, TVP when made from soy concentrate contains 70% protein and can be rehydrated at a ratio of 1:3. It can be used as a meat replacement or supplement. The extrusion technology changes the structure of the soy protein, resulting in a fibrous spongy matrix that is similar in texture to meat.

When stored dry at room temperature TVP has a shelf life of more than a year, but after rehydration it should be used at once or stored for no more than three days in the refrigerator. It is usually rehydrated with cold or preferrably hot water, but a bit of vinegar or lemon juice can be added to as a preservative.

Rehydrated TVP can replace ground beef, ground lamb, etc in most recipes, and in tuna fish salad to the extent of 30% or more. It is high in protein and low in fat and sodium. It is also a good source of fiber.

Textured vegetable protein comes as granules, small dry chunks or flakes when bought in bulk. It has little flavor of its own and needs to be rehydrated and flavored (both can be accomplished in the same step), then added to cooking , brown cane sugar .

Use , aluminum oil .

Textured vegetable protein is a versatile substance, different forms allowing it to take on the texture of whatever ground meat it is substituting. Using textured vegetable protein, one can make vegetarian or vegan versions of traditionally meat dishes such as chili, spaghetti bolognese, sloppy joes, tacos, burgers, or burritos , formation of crude oil .

Textured vegetable protein can be found in natural food stores and larger supermarkets, usually in the bulk section , buy sugar cane .

TVP is also very lightweight, and is often used in backpacking recipes. TVP is often used in prisons for several reasons: its low relative cost, high protein, and low fat qualities make it ideal, as does its relatively long shelf life, which allows institutions to buy in bulk.

References

^ “American Soybean Association: Extrusion (dead link)” (pdf). http://www.asa-europe.org/pdf/extrusion.pdf.

US Patent 3891774

See also

Meat analogue (imitation meat)

Quorn

Soy allergy

Soy protein

Soybean

Vegetarian/vegan

Veggie burger

Wheat gluten (food) a product made from wheat flour which can be used to make some types of other meat substitutes

External links

TVP on “FutureFood - Meat without livestock”

More about TVP and TVP Recipes

Categories: Meat substitutes | Soy products

Bape, BBC, Ice Cream, Jackets, Hoody, T-Shirts ,

r the 2004 Hindi film, see Raincoat (film).

Child wearing yellow raincoat with hood

A raincoat is a waterproof or water-resistant coat worn to protect the body from rain. The term rain jacket is sometimes used to refer to raincoats that are waist length. A rain jacket may be combined with a pair of rain pants to make a rain suit.

Modern raincoats are often constructed of breathable, waterproof fabrics such as Gore-Tex and coated nylons. These fabrics allow some air to pass through, allowing the garment to ‘breathe’ so that sweat vapour can escape.

Look up raincoat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:Raincoat , woman winter coat .

Important styles of raincoat, often associated with particular manufacturers, include , tai chi clothes .

Mackintosh, rubberised clot , leather blazer jacket .

Ganne , dior clothing .

Waxed jacket (e.g. made in UK by Barbour and Burberry)

Anorak, derived from traditional Inuit designs

Cagoule, also Cagoul, Kagoule, Kagool

Poncho

Sou’wester

Trench coat

K-way

Driza-Bone, Australian oiled cotton

References

v d e

Clothing

Materials

Cotton Fur Leather Linen Nylon Polyester Rayon Silk Spandex Wool

Tops

Blouse Crop top Dress shirt Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Guernsey (clothing) Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater T-shirt Tube top Turtleneck

Trousers or pants

Bell-bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Boxer shorts Capri pants Cargo pants Culottes Cycling shorts Dress pants Jeans Jodhpurs Overall Parachute pants Shorts Sweatpants Windpants

Skirts

Ballerina skirt Hobble skirt Jean skirt Job skirt Leather skirt Kilt Pencil skirt Poodle skirt Prairie skirt Miniskirt Microskirt Slip Skort Train

Dresses

Ball gown Cocktail dress Evening gown Gown Jumper dress Little black dress Petticoat Sari Sundress Tea gown Wedding dress

Suits and uniforms

Academic dress Afrocentric suit Black tie Clerical clothing Court dress Gymslip Jumpsuit Lab coat Mao suit Morning dress Pantsuit Red Sea rig Scrubs Stroller Tang suit Tuxedo White tie

Outerwear

Abaya Academic gown Anorak Apron Blazer Cloak Coat Duffle coat Frock coat Jacket Greatcoat Hoodie Men’s undergarments Opera coat Overcoat Pea coat Poncho Raincoat Redingote Robe Shawl Shrug Ski suit Sleeved blanket Top coat Trench coat Vest Waistcoat Windbreaker

Underwear

Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Brassiere Briefs Compression shorts Corselet Corset Knickers Lingerie Long underwear Panties Teddy Trunks Undershirt

Accessories

Belly chain Belt Bow tie Chaps Earring Gaiters Gloves Handbag Leg warmer Leggings Necklace Necktie Scarf Stocking Sunglasses Suspenders Tights

Footwear

Athletic shoe Boot Dress shoe Hosiery Pump Sandal Shoe Slipper Sock

Headwear

Balaclava Cap Fascinator Hat Headband Helmet Hijab Hood Mantilla Niqab Sombrero Turban Ushanka Veil

Nightwear

Babydoll Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightcap Nightgown Nightshirt Peignoir Pajamas

Clothing parts

Back closure Buckle Button Buttonhole Collar Cuff Elastic Fly Hemline Hook-and-eye Lapel Neckline Pocket Shoulder pad Shoulder strap Sleeve Snap Strap Velcro Waistline Zipper

National costume

Abaya Aboyne dress o b ba o di o t thn Barong Tagalog Baro’t saya Bunad Cheongsam Dashiki Deel Dhoti Dirndl Djellaba Gho & Kira Hanbok Han Chinese clothing Jellabiya Jilbb Kebaya Kente cloth Kilt Kimono Lederhosen Sampot Sarafan Sari Sarong Scottish dress

Historical garments

Banyan Bedgown Bodice Braccae Breeches Breeching Brunswick Chemise Chiton Chlamys Doublet Exomis Farthingale Frock Himation Hose Houppelande Jerkin Justacorps Palla Peplos Polonaise Smock-frock Stola Toga Tunic

History and surveys

Africa Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Ancient world Anglo-Saxon Byzantine Clothing terminology Dress code Early Medieval Europe Formal wear Hanfu History of clothing and textiles History of Western fashion series (1100s-2000s) Sumptuary law Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Undergarments Vietnam Women wearing pants

See also

Adaptive clothing Adult diaper Bathrobe Costume Fashion Fursuit Locking clothing

Categories: Coats

Ring-Shaped Terminal with Jacket ,



Origin

Long time before the Spaniards arrived in the Philippine archipelago, the Tagalog people on the northern island of Luzon, already wore a dress that can be seen as the origin of the Barong Tagalog. The dress reached slightly below the waist, was colourless and had an opening in the front.

A legend persists that the Spaniards made Filipinos wear barongs untucked to distinguish them from the ruling class, its translucent fabric helping the Spaniards to see that the wearer was not bearing any weapon under the garment.

Connoisseurs of historical details say that during the Spanish era, the rulers required that the baro of the indio be made of flimsy material so that he could not conceal weapons on his person. Supposedly, the indio was also prohibited from tucking in his shirt, to designate his low rank and to tell him apart from the mestizaje and insulares.

Sociologists have argued against this theory, however, pointing out that untucked wear was very common in pre-colonial south-east- and south-Asian countries, and that the use of thin, translucent fabric developed naturally given the heat and humidity of the Philippines. Historians, likewise, have noted the absence of a citation to the specific law where the Spaniards supposedly prohibited the natives from tucking in their shirts. They also note that natives during the Spanish era wore their shirts tucked at times. A common example cited in support of this argument is Jos Rizal and his contemporaries, who were photographed in western clothing with their shirts tuckedlthough the era of the barong predated Rizal’s time , bape jackets .

Another disputed theory is whether the barong was a local adaptation or a precursor to the guayabera, a shirt popular in the Latin-American communities. According to those who claim that the barong is the precursor of the guayabera (pronounced “gwa-ya-ber-ra” with an almost silent “G”), the guayabera shirt was originally called “Filipina” during the era of Manila galleon trade-ships when it was brought to Mexico from the Philippines. , wholesale kids clothing .

Type of cloth use , fox racing clothes .

Filipinos don their finest formal barongs in a variety of fabrics , leather motorcycle racing jacket .

Pia fabric - is hand-loomed from pineapple leaf fibers. And because Pia weavers in the Philippines are dwindling, its scarcity makes the delicate Pia cloth expensive and is thus used for very formal events.

Jusi fabric - is mechanically woven and was once made from abacca or banana silk. Today, China is the main source of polyester Jusi.

Banana fabric - is another sheer fabric used in formal occasions. Made and hand woven from banana fiber, it usually comes with geometric design details. This fabric hails from the Visayas island of Negros.

Variations

The term “Barong Tagalog” is used almost exclusively to refer to the formal version of the barong; however, less formal variations of this national costume also exist.

Polo barong refers to a short-sleeved version of the barong, often made with linen, ramie or cotton. This is the least formal version of the barong, often used as office wear (akin to the suit and tie).

“Gusot-Mayaman” (“gusot” means “wrinkled” and “mayaman” means “wealthy”) and Linen barongs are barongs that are not constructed with pina, jusi, or similarly delicate fabrics are generally considered less formal than the barong Tagalog. Both “gusot-mayaman” and linen barongs are used for everyday office wear.

Shirt-jack barong are cut in shirt-jack style usually in poly-cotton, linen-cotton and gusot-mayaman fabrics. Popularized by politicians and government officials and worn during campaigns or out-in-the-field assignments. This barong style gives the wearer a more casual look yet lends a more dressed-up appearance from the usual street worn casual wear.

Barong decorative details

Hand embroidery

Machine embroidery

Computerized embroidery

Hand painting

Pintucks (alforza)

Lace-inserts/appliqus

Controversy

At the 2007 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Sydney, Australia, a press release from the organizing committee described the barong Tagalog, the Filipino’s national costume for men, as a “peasant shirt”. The Philippine Government called for clarifications regarding the description.

References

^ Barong Tagalog history

^ Barong Tagalog history

^ The authority on Barong Tagalog - “History has it that the Guayabera originated from Cuba and was made iconic in the Cuban culture but was inspired by the Philippines barong Tagalog”

^ CubaNet News: The Miami Herald. Torture suspect arrested., Jul. 03, 2004

^ ABS-CBN Interactive: RP cries foul as APEC tags natl costume as ‘peasant shirt’, 9/9/2007

Barong Tagalog Information

Barong Tagalog history

See also

Baro’t saya

v d e

National symbols of the Philippines

Official

Flag Coat of arms “Lupang Hinirang” Philippine Eagle Sampaguita Narra

Unofficial

Cariosa Carabao Bangus “Bayan Ko” “Pilipinas Kong Mahal” Juan de la Cruz Anahaw Mango Sipa Barong and Baro’t saya

v d e

Clothing

Materials

Cotton Fur Leather Linen Nylon Polyester Rayon Silk Spandex Wool

Tops

Blouse Crop top Dress shirt Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Guernsey (clothing) Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater T-shirt Tube top Turtleneck

Trousers or pants

Bell-bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Boxer shorts Capri pants Cargo pants Culottes Cycling shorts Dress pants Jeans Jodhpurs Overall Parachute pants Shorts Sweatpants Windpants

Skirts

Ballerina skirt Hobble skirt Jean skirt Job skirt Leather skirt Kilt Pencil skirt Poodle skirt Prairie skirt Miniskirt Microskirt Slip Skort Train

Dresses

Ball gown Cocktail dress Evening gown Gown Jumper dress Little black dress Petticoat Sari Sundress Tea gown Wedding dress

Suits and uniforms

Academic dress Afrocentric suit Black tie Clerical clothing Court dress Gymslip Jumpsuit Lab coat Mao suit Morning dress Pantsuit Red Sea rig Scrubs Stroller Tang suit Tuxedo White tie

Outerwear

Abaya Academic gown Anorak Apron Blazer Cloak Coat Duffle coat Frock coat Jacket Greatcoat Hoodie Men’s undergarments Opera coat Overcoat Pea coat Poncho Raincoat Redingote Robe Shawl Shrug Ski suit Sleeved blanket Top coat Trench coat Vest Waistcoat Windbreaker

Underwear

Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Brassiere Briefs Compression shorts Corselet Corset Knickers Lingerie Long underwear Panties Teddy Trunks Undershirt

Accessories

Belly chain Belt Bow tie Chaps Earring Gaiters Gloves Handbag Leg warmer Leggings Necklace Necktie Scarf Stocking Sunglasses Suspenders Tights

Footwear

Athletic shoe Boot Dress shoe Hosiery Pump Sandal Shoe Slipper Sock

Headwear

Balaclava Cap Fascinator Hat Headband Helmet Hijab Hood Mantilla Niqab Sombrero Turban Ushanka Veil

Nightwear

Babydoll Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightcap Nightgown Nightshirt Peignoir Pajamas

Clothing parts

Back closure Buckle Button Buttonhole Collar Cuff Elastic Fly Hemline Hook-and-eye Lapel Neckline Pocket Shoulder pad Shoulder strap Sleeve Snap Strap Velcro Waistline Zipper

National costume

Abaya Aboyne dress o b ba o di o t thn Barong Tagalog Baro’t saya Bunad Cheongsam Dashiki Deel Dhoti Dirndl Djellaba Gho & Kira Hanbok Han Chinese clothing Jellabiya Jilbb Kebaya Kente cloth Kilt Kimono Lederhosen Sampot Sarafan Sari Sarong Scottish dress

Historical garments

Banyan Bedgown Bodice Braccae Breeches Breeching Brunswick Chemise Chiton Chlamys Doublet Exomis Farthingale Frock Himation Hose Houppelande Jerkin Justacorps Palla Peplos Polonaise Smock-frock Stola Toga Tunic

History and surveys

Africa Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Ancient world Anglo-Saxon Byzantine Clothing terminology Dress code Early Medieval Europe Formal wear Hanfu History of clothing…